Part IV: Syntax

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• DEFINITIONS
• SYNTAX OF THE SIMPLE SENTENCE
• KINDS OF SIMPLE SENTENCES
• EXPANSION OF THE SIMPLE SENTENCE
• AGREEMENT: THE CONCORDS
• THE SUBJECT
• OMISSION OF THE SUBJECT
• CASE OF THE SUBJECT: THE NOMINATIVE
• THE PREDICATE
  • Omission of the Verb
• CONCORD OF SUBJECT AND PREDICATE
  • WITH ONE SUBJECT
    • Subject in the Singular, Verb in the Plural
    • Subject in the Dual, Verb in the Plural
    • Subject in the Plural, Verb in the Singular
    • Subject in the Plural, Verb in the Dual
  • WITH TWO OR MORE SUBJECTS
  • CONCORD OF PREDICATE SUBSTANTIVES
  • APPOSITION
• PECULIARITIES IN THE USE OF NUMBER
• PECULIARITIES IN THE USE OF GENDER
• PECULIARITIES IN THE USE OF PERSON
• ADJECTIVES
  • ATTRIBUTIVE ADJECTIVES
    • ADJECTIVES USED SUBSTANTIVELY
    • AGREEMENT OF ATTRIBUTIVE ADJECTIVES
  • PREDICATE ADJECTIVES
    • AGREEMENT OF PREDICATE ADJECTIVES (AND PARTICIPLES)
  • COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES (AND ADVERBS)
    • POSITIVE
    • COMPARATIVE
    • SUPERLATIVE
• ADVERBS
• THE ARTICLE—ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT
  • ὁ, ἡ, τό IN HOMER
  • ὁ, ἡ, τό AS A RELATIVE
  • ὁ, ἡ, τό AS A DEMONSTRATIVE IN ATTIC PROSE
  • VARIOUS USES OF ὁ ( ὅς ), ἡ (ἥ), τό DEMONSTRATIVE
  • ό, ἡ, τό AS AN ARTICLE (the) IN ATTIC (ESPECIALLY IN PROSE)
  • THE PARTICULAR ARTICLE
  • THE GENERIC ARTICLE
  • THE ARTICLE WITH NUMERALS
  • FLUCTUATION IN THE USE OF THE ARTICLE: OMISSION OF THE ARTICLE
  • THE ARTICLE WITH ABSTRACT SUBSTANTIVES
  • THE ARTICLE WITH PROPER NAMES
  • OTHER USES OF THE ARTICLE
  • THE ARTICLE AND A PREDICATE NOUN
  • SUBSTANTIVE-MAKING POWER OF THE ARTICLE
  • POSITION OF THE ARTICLE
    • Attributive Position of the Article
    • Predicate Position of Adjectives
    • PECULIARITIES OF POSITION WITH THE ARTICLE
    • POSITION OF THE GENITIVE OF PRONOUNS AND THE ARTICLE
    • INTERROGATIVES, ἄλλος, πολύς, ὀλίγος WITH THE ARTICLE
• PRONOUNS
  • THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS
  • THE POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
    • FIRST AND SECOND PERSONS SINGULAR
    • FIRST AND SECOND PERSONS PLURAL
    • THIRD PERSON SINGULAR
    • THIRD PERSON PLURAL
  • THE PRONOUN αὐτός
  • THE REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
    • αὐτός EMPHATIC OR REFLEXIVE WITH OTHER PRONOUNS
  • THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
  • THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS
  • THE INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
  • THE ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS ἄλλος AND ἕτερος
  • THE RECIPROCAL PRONOUN
• THE CASES
  • VOCATIVE
  • GENITIVE
    • THE GENITIVE PROPER WITH NOUNS: (ADNOMINAL GENITIVE)
  • GENITIVE WITH VERBS
    • THE GENITIVE PROPER WITH VERBS
  • FREE USES OF THE GENITIVE
    • THE ABLATIVAL GENITIVE WITH VERBS
  • DATIVE
    • DATIVE PROPER
    • THE DATIVE DEPENDENT ON A SINGLE WORD
    • DATIVE AS A MODIFIER OF THE SENTENCE
  • ACCUSATIVE
    • INTERNAL OBJECT (OBJECT EFFECTED)
    • EXTERNAL OBJECT (OBJECT AFFECTED)
    • FREE USES OF THE ACCUSATIVE
    • TWO ACCUSATIVES WITH ONE VERB
    • TWO VERBS WITH A COMMON OBJECT
• PREPOSITIONS
  • VARIATION OF PREPOSITIONS
  • REPETITION AND OMISSION OF PREPOSITIONS, ETC.
  • ORDINARY USES OF THE PREPOSITIONS
  • LIST OF PREPOSITIONS
    • ἀμφί
    • ἀνά
    • ἀντί
    • ἀπό
    • διά
    • εἰς, ἐς
    • ἐν
    • ἐξ, ἐκ
    • ἐπί
    • κατά
    • μετά
    • παρά
    • περί
    • πρό
    • πρός
    • σύν
    • ὑπέρ
    • ὑπό
  • IMPROPER PREPOSITIONS
• THE VERB: VOICES
  • ACTIVE VOICE
  • MIDDLE VOICE
  • PASSIVE VOICE
  • THE MOODS
  • THE PARTICLE ἄν
    • DEPENDENT CLAUSES WITH ἄν
  • THE MOODS IN SIMPLE SENTENCES
    • INDICATIVE WITHOUT ἄν
    • INDICATIVE WITH ἄν
    • SUBJUNCTIVE WITHOUT ἄν
    • SUBJUNCTIVE WITH ἄν
    • OPTATIVE WITHOUT ἄν
    • OPTATIVE WITH ἄν
  • IMPERATIVE
    • POSITIVE (COMMANDS)
    • NEGATIVE (PROHIBITIONS)
  • INFINITIVE AND PARTICIPLE WITH ἄν
  • THE TENSES
    • KIND OF TIME
    • STAGE OF ACTION
    • THE TENSES OUTSIDE OF THE INDICATIVE
    • TENSES OF THE INDICATIVE
• VERBAL NOUNS
  • THE INFINITIVE
    • SUBJECT AND PREDICATE NOUN WITH THE INFINITIVE
    • PERSONAL AND IMPERSONAL CONSTRUCTION
  • THE INFINITIVE WITHOUT THE ARTICLE: AS SUBJECT, PREDICATE, AND APPOSITIVE
    • THE INFINITIVE NOT IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE
    • INFINITIVE AS OBJECT IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE
  • THE INFINITIVE WITH THE ARTICLE (ARTICULAR INFINITIVE)
    • NOMINATIVE OF THE ARTICULAR INFINITIVE
    • GENITIVE OF THE ARTICULAR INFINITIVE
    • DATIVE OF THE ARTICULAR INFINITIVE
    • ACCUSATIVE OF THE ARTICULAR INFINITIVE
    • OTHER USES OF THE ARTICULAR INFINITIVE
  • CONSTRUCTIONS OF THE INFINITIVE WITH VERBS OF hindering
• THE PARTICIPLE
  • THE ATTRIBUTIVE PARTICIPLE
  • THE CIRCUMSTANTIAL PARTICIPLE
    • GENITIVE ABSOLUTE. ACCUSATIVE ABSOLUTE
    • ADVERBS USED IN CONNECTION WITH CIRCUMSTANTIAL PARTICIPLES
  • THE SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE
    • THE SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE NOT IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE
    • THE SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE
  • OMISSION OF ὤν
  • Ὡς WITH A PARTICIPLE IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE
  • VERBS TAKING EITHER THE PARTICIPLE OR THE INFINITIVE
  • THE PARTICIPLE WITH ἄν
  • REMARKS ON SOME USES OF PARTICIPLES
• VERBAL ADJECTIVES IN -τέος
• SUMMARY OF THE FORMS OF SIMPLE SENTENCES
  • STATEMENTS
  • ASSUMPTIONS
  • COMMANDS (INCLUDING EXHORTATIONS)
  • WISHES
  • QUESTIONS
  • EXCLAMATIONS
• COMPOUND AND COMPLEX SENTENCES: COÖRDINATION AND SUBORDINATION
• SYNTAX OF THE COMPOUND SENTENCE
  • ASYNDETON
  • COÖRDINATION IN PLACE OF SUBORDINATION—PARATAXIS
• SYNTAX OF THE COMPLEX SENTENCE
  • ANTICIPATION (OR PROLEPSIS)
  • ASSIMILATION OF MOODS
• CLASSES OF SUBORDINATE CLAUSES
• ADVERBIAL COMPLEX SENTENCES (2193-2487)
  • PURPOSE CLAUSES (FINAL CLAUSES)
  • OBJECT CLAUSES
    • OBJECT CLAUSES AFTER VERBS OF EFFORT
    • VERBS OF CAUTION
    • OBJECT CLAUSES WITH VERBS OF FEARING
  • CAUSAL CLAUSES
  • RESULT CLAUSES (CONSECUTIVE CLAUSES)
    • DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ὥστε WITH THE INDICATIVE AND ὥστε WITH THE INFINITIVE
  • ὥστε (RARELY ὡς) WITH THE INFINITIVE
  • ὥστε (ὡς) WITH A FINITE VERB
  • CLAUSES WITH ἐφ᾽ ᾧ AND ἐφ᾽ ᾧτε INTRODUCING A PROVISO
  • CONDITIONAL CLAUSES
  • CLASSIFICATION OF CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
    • A. CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO FORM
    • B. CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO FUNCTION
    • TABLE OF CONDITIONAL FORMS
    • PRESENT AND PAST CONDITIONS
    • FUTURE CONDITIONS
    • GENERAL CONDITIONS
    • DIFFERENT FORMS OF CONDITIONAL SENTENCES IN THE SAME SENTENCE
    • VARIATIONS FROM THE ORDINARY FORMS AND MEANINGS OF CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
  • CONCESSIVE CLAUSES
  • TEMPORAL CLAUSES
    • INDICATIVE TEMPORAL CLAUSES REFERRING TO PRESENT OR PAST TIME
    • TEMPORAL CLAUSES REFERRING TO THE FUTURE
    • TEMPORAL CLAUSES IN GENERIC SENTENCES
  • CLAUSES OF COMPARISON
    • EXAMPLES OF COMPARATIVE CLAUSES
    • SIMILES AND COMPARISONS
• ADJECTIVE CLAUSES (RELATIVE CLAUSES: 2488-2573)
  • CONCORD OF RELATIVE PRONOUNS
    • THE ANTECEDENT OF RELATIVE CLAUSES
    • OTHER PECULIARITIES OF RELATIVE CLAUSES
  • USE OF THE MOODS IN RELATIVE CLAUSES
    • THE USE OF THE MOODS IN CERTAIN RELATIVE CLAUSES
  • CLASSES OF RELATIVE CLAUSES
  • PRESENT AND PAST CONDITIONAL RELATIVE CLAUSES
    • First Form: SIMPLE PRESENT AND PAST CONDITIONAL RELATIVES
    • Second Form: PRESENT AND PAST UNREAL CONDITIONAL RELATIVES
  • FUTURE CONDITIONAL RELATIVE CLAUSES
    • Third Form: MORE VIVID FUTURE CONDITIONAL RELATIVES
    • Fourth Form: LESS VIVID FUTURE CONDITIONAL RELATIVES
  • GENERAL CONDITIONAL RELATIVE CLAUSES
    • Fifth Form PRESENT GENERAL CONDITIONAL RELATIVES
    • Sixth Form PAST GENERAL CONDITIONAL RELATIVES
  • LESS USUAL FORMS OF CONDITIONAL RELATIVE SENTENCES
• DEPENDENT SUBSTANTIVE CLAUSES (2574-2635)
  • DEPENDENT STATEMENTS
    • DEPENDENT STATEMENTS INTRODUCED BY ὅτι OR ὡς
  • INDIRECT DISCOURSE
  • GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF INDIRECT DISCOURSE
  • SIMPLE SENTENCES IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE
    • 1. Indicative and Optative after ὅτι or ὡς
    • 2. Infinitive and Participle
  • COMPLEX SENTENCES IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE
  • IMPLIED INDIRECT DISCOURSE
  • REMARKS ON THE CONSTRUCTIONS OF INDIRECT DISCOURSE
    • EXAMPLES OF INDIRECT DISCOURSE
• INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES (QUESTIONS)
  • DIRECT (INDEPENDENT) QUESTIONS
    • QUESTIONS INTRODUCED BY INTERROGATIVE PARTICLES
    • DIRECT ALTERNATIVE QUESTIONS
    • MOODS IN DIRECT QUESTIONS
• INDIRECT (DEPENDENT) QUESTIONS
  • INDIRECT ALTERNATIVE QUESTIONS
  • THE NEGATIVES IN INDIRECT QUESTIONS
  • MOODS IN INDIRECT QUESTIONS
  • ANSWERS TO YES AND NO QUESTIONS
• EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES
• NEGATIVE SENTENCES
  • POSITION OF οὐ AND μή
    • οὐ ADHERESCENT
    • οὐ AFTER εἰ (ἐά̄ν)
  • GENERAL RULE FOR μή
  • οὐ AND μή WITH THE INDICATIVE AND OPTATIVE
    • SIMPLE SENTENCES AND INDEPENDENT CLAUSES
    • SUBORDINATE CLAUSES IN THE INDICATIVE OR OPTATIVE
  • μή WITH THE SUBJUNCTIVE AND IMPERATIVE
  • NEGATIVES OF INDIRECT DISCOURSE
  • οὐ AND μή WITH THE INFINITIVE
    • οὐ AND μή WITH THE INFINITIVE NOT IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE
    • οὐ AND μή WITH THE INFINITIVE IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE
  • οὐ AND μή WITH THE PARTICIPLE
  • οὐ AND μή WITH SUBSTANTIVES AND ADJECTIVES USED SUBSTANTIVELY
  • οὐδείς, μηδείς
  • APPARENT EXCHANGE OF οὐ AND μή
  • μή AND μὴ οὐ WITH THE INFINITIVE
    • REDUNDANT OR SYMPATHETIC NEGATIVE
  • μὴ οὐ WITH THE PARTICIPLE DEPENDING ON NEGATIVED VERBS
  • μή AND μὴ οὐ WITH THE SUBJUNCTIVE AND INDICATIVE
  • REDUNDANT οὐ WITH πλήν, ETC.
  • ου᾽ μή
  • NEGATIVES WITH ὥστε AND THE INFINITIVE
  • ACCUMULATION OF NEGATIVES
  • SOME NEGATIVE PHRASES
• PARTICLES
  • ἀλλά
  • ἄρα
  • ἆρα
  • ἀτάρ
  • αὖ
  • γάρ
  • γέ
  • γοῦν
  • δέ
  • δή
  • δαί, δῆθεν, δήπου, δῆτα
  • εἴτε
  • ἤ
  • ἦ
  • ἠδέ (AND ἰδε)
  • καί
    • Conjunctional καί
    • Adverbial καί
  • καίπερ
  • καίτοι<*>
  • μά
  • μέν
  • μέντοι
  • μήν
  • ναί, νή
  • νῦν, νῡνί̄, νύ̄ν, νύν, νύ
  • ὅπως
  • οὐδέ, οὔτε (μηδέ, μήτε)
    • οὐδέ (μηδέ) as an Adverb
    • οὐδέ (μηδέ) as a Conjunction
    • οὐδέ (μηδέ) with other Negatives
  • οὔτε (μήτε)
  • οὐκοῦν, οὔκουν
  • οὖν
  • πέρ
  • πλήν
  • τέ
  • τοί
  • ὥς, ὡς
    • Relative ὡς as an Adverb
    • Relative ὡς as a Conjunction
    • ὥς as, like
    • ὡς to
• SOME GRAMMATICAL AND RHETORICAL FIGURES