PRONOUNS

325

The Personal Pronouns.—The pronouns of the first, second, and third person are declined as follows:

a. The enclitic forms μου, μοι, με; σου, σοι, σε are used when the pronoun is unemphatic, the longer forms ἐμοῦ, ἐμοί, ἐμέ and the accented σοῦ, σοί, σέ are used when the pronoun is emphatic. Thus, δός μοι τὸ βιβλίον give me the book, οὺκ ἐμοί, ἀλλὰ σοὶ ἐπιβουλεύουσι they are plotting not against me, but against you. See 187 a. On the use after prepositions see 187 N. 2.

b. For ἐγώ, ἐμοί, σύ the emphatic ἔγωγε, ἔμοιγε (186 a), σύγε occur. Also ἐμοῦγε, ἐμέγε.

c. The use of the plural you for thou is unknown in Ancient Greek; hence ὑ̄μεῖς is used only in addressing more than one person.

d. Of the forms of the third personal pronoun only the datives οἷ and σφίσι (ν) are commonly used in Attic prose, and then only as indirect reflexives (1228). To express the personal pronouns of the third person we find usually: ἐκεῖνος, οὗτος, etc., in the nominative (1194), and the oblique forms of αὐτός in all other cases.

e. For the accus. of οὗ the tragic poets use νιν (encl.) and σφε (encl.) for masc. and fem., both sing. and pl. (= eum, eam; eos, eas). Doric so uses νιν. σφίν is rarely singular (ei) in tragedy.

f. ἡμῶν, ἡμῖν, ἡμᾶς, ὑ̄μῶν, ὑ̄μῖν, ὑ̄μᾶς, when unemphatic, are sometimes accented in poetry on the penult, and -ῑν and -ᾱς are usually shortened. Thus, ἥμων, ἧμιν, ἧμας, ὕ̄μων, ὗμιν, ὗμας. -ῑν and -ᾱς are sometimes shortened even if the pronouns are emphatic, and we have ἡμίν, ἡμάς, ὑ̄μίν, ὑ̄μάς. σφάς occurs for σφᾶς.

325 D

1. Homer inflects the personal pronouns as follows. (The forms ἀμμ-, ὐμμ- are Aeolic).

σφε (encl.) is used as accus. of all genders and numbers.

2. Herodotus inflects the personal pronouns as follows:

σφίσι is used for ἑαυτοῖς, -αῖς; σφι (encl.) for αὐτοῖς, -αῖς; σφεα (encl.) for αὐτά.

3. Ionic μιν (encl.) is used in all genders (eum, eam, id), but not in the plural. ἄμμι, ὔμμε occur a few times, σέθεν often, in tragedy.

4. The chief forms peculiar to Doric are: I. ἐγών also before consonants; G. ἐμέος, ἐμοῦς, ἐμεῦς; D. ἐμίν; Pl. N. ἁ̄μές; G. ἁ̄μέων, ἁ̄μῶν; D. ἁ̄μίν(ῐ̄), ἇμιν; A. ἁ̄μέ. II. τύ, τύ̄νη; G. τέος, τεοῦς, τεῦς, τέο, τεῦ, τεοῦ; D. τίν, τί̄νη; A. τέ, τίν, τύ; Pl. N. ὑ̄μές; G. ὑ̄μέων; D. ὑ̄μίν, ὗμιν; A. ὑ̄μέ. III. G. ἑοῦς, ἑοῦ; D. ϝίν; A. νίν; Pl. G. σφείων, ψέων; D. φίν, ψίν; A. σφέ, ψέ.

326

Stems.—I. (ε᾽) με- (cp. Lat. me), νω- (cp. Lat. νο̄-ς), (ε᾽)μο-, ἡμε-. ἐμοῦ is from ἐμέο; ἡμεῖς from ἀμμε-ες (37) with the rough breathing in imitation of ὑ̄μεῖς; ἡμῶν from ἡμέων, ἡμᾶς from ἡμέας with ᾱ not η by 56. ἐγώ is not connected with these stems. II. συ- and σε- from τϝε; το-; σφω-; ὑ̄με- from ὑμμε- (37). III. ἕ for σϝε (cp. Lat. se), ἑέ for σεϝε, οἷ for σϝο-ι, and σφε-. The form of the stems and formation of the cases is often obscure.

327

The Intensive Pronoun αὐτός.—αὐτός self is declined thus:

αὐτός is declined like ἀγαθός (287), but there is no vocative and the neuter nominative and accusative have no -ν. But ταὐτόν the same is common (328 N.).

327 D

Hdt. has αὐτέων in the genitive plural. For the crasis ωὐτός (Hom.), ωὑτός, τωὐτό (Hdt.), see 68 D.

328

αὐτός is a definite adjective and a pronoun. It has three meanings:

a. self: standing by itself in the nominative, αὐτὸς ὁ ἀνήρ or ὁ ἀνὴρ αὐτός the man himself, or (without the article) in agreement with a substantive or pronoun; as ἀνδρὸς αὐτοῦ of the man himself.

b. him, her, it, them, etc.: standing by itself in an oblique case (never in the nominative). The oblique cases of αὐτός are generally used instead of οὗ, οἷ, ἕ, etc., as ὁ πατὴρ αὐτοῦ his father, οἱ παῖδες αὐτῶν their children.

c. same: when it is preceded by the article in any case: ὁ αὐτὸς ἀνήρ the same man, τοῦ αὐτοῦ ἀνδρός of the same man.

N.—The article and αὐτός may unite by crasis (68 a): αὑτός, αὑτή, ταὐτό or ταὐτόν; ταὐτοῦ, ταὐτῆς; ταὐτῷ, ταὐτῇ, etc. Distinguish αὑτή the same f. from αὕτη this f.; ταὐτά the same n. from ταῦτα these things n.; ταὐτῇ from ταύτῃ.

329

Reflexive Pronouns.—The reflexive pronouns (referring back to the subject of the sentence) are formed by compounding the stems of the personal pronouns with the oblique cases of αὐτός. In the plural both pronouns are declined separately, but the third person has also the compounded form. The nominative is excluded by the meaning. There is no dual.

a. For ἑαυτῶν, etc., we find αὑτῶν, αὑτοῖς, -αῖς, αὑτούς, -ά̄ς. Distinguish αὑτοῦ of himself from αὐτοῦ (328).

329 D

Hom. never compounds the two pronouns: thus, ἐμέθεν αὐτῆς, σοὶ αὐτῷ, οἷ αὐτῷ, ἑὲ αὐτόν, ἓ αὐτήν. Hdt. has a few cases of the uncompounded forms; usually ἐμεωυτοῦ, -τῷ, -τόν, σεωυτοῦ, ἑωυτοῦ, ἑωυτῶν, -οῖσι, -ούς, and σφέων αὐτῶν, etc. The forms with εωυ started with ἑωυτῷ in the dative from ἑο(ῖ) αὐτῷ, and spread thence to the other cases.

330

Possessive Pronouns.—Possessive pronouns, formed from the stems of the personal pronouns, are declined like ἀγαθός, ἄξιος (287).

a. Distinguish the adjectival from the pronominal use: ὁ ἐμὸς φίλος or ὁ φίλος ὁ ἐμός my friend (adj.) from φίλος ἐμός a friend of mine (pron.). See 1196 a.

b. ὅς is not used in Attic prose. For his, her, its, αὐτοῦ, -ῆς, -οῦ are used.

330 D

1. Hom. has also τεός thy, ἑός for ὅς his, her own, ἁ̄μός our, ὑ̄μός your, σφός their (rarely of the singular), νωΐτερος of us two, σφωΐτερος of you two. For ἐμός Attic poetry may use ἁ̄μός (sometimes printed ἀ̄μός) our.

2. ὅς, ἑός in Hom. may mean my own, your own (1230 a).

331

Reciprocal Pronoun.—The reciprocal pronoun, meaning one another, each other, is made by doubling the stem of ἄλλος (ἀλλ-αλλο-). It is used only in the oblique cases of the dual and plural. (Cp. alii aliorum, alter alterius).

332

The Definite Article.—The definite article ὁ, ἡ, τό (stems ὁ-, ἁ̄-, το-) is thus declined:

a. The definite article is a weakened demonstrative pronoun, and is still used as a demonstrative in Homer (1100).

b. τά̄ (especially) and ταῖν, the feminine forms in the dual, are very rare in the authors, and are unknown on Attic prose inscriptions of the classical period.

332 D

Hom. has also gen. τοῖο, gen. dat. dual τοῖιν; nom. pl. τοί, ταί; gen. pl. fem. τά̄ων; dat. pl. masc. τοῖσι, fem. τῇσι, τῇς (Hdt. τοῖσι, τῇσι). Doric are τῶ, τᾶς, etc.; pl. also N. τοί, ταί; G. fem. τᾶν. Generally poetic are τοῖσι, ταῖσι. τοὶ μέν, τοὶ δέ occur rarely in tragedy for οἱ μέν, οἱ δέ.

333

Demonstrative Pronouns.—The chief demonstrative pronouns are ὅδε this (here), οὗτος this, that, ἐκεῖνος that (there, yonder).

a. ὅδε is formed from the old demonstrative ὁ, ἡ, τό this or that, with the indeclinable demonstrative (and enclitic) ending -δε here (cp. hī-c from hī-ce, Fr. ce-ci). For the accent of ἥδε, οἵδε, αἵδε see 186.

b. οὗτος has the rough breathing and τ in the same places as the article. ου corresponds to the ο, αυ to the α, of the article. For οὗτος as a vocative, see 1288 a. (οὗτος is from ὁ + the particle *υ + the demonstrative suffix το ¨ ς).

c. ἐκεῖνος has a variant form κεῖνος in poetry, and sometimes in prose (Demosthenes). (ἐκεῖνος stands for ἐκε(ι)-ενος from ἐκεῖ there + suffix -ενος.)

d. Other demonstrative pronouns are

These are formed from -δε and the (usually) poetic τόσος, τοῖος, τηλίκος with the same meanings.

e. Combinations of the above words and οὗτος are

The forms in -ν are more common than those in -ο. Attic prose inscriptions have only -ον.

333 e, D

Hom. always, Hdt. rarely, has the final ν.

f. The dual rarely has separate feminine forms.

g. The deictic suffix -ῑ may be added to demonstratives for emphasis. Before it α, ε, ο are dropped. Thus, ὁδί̄ this man here, ἡδί̄, τοδί̄, G. τουδί̄, τησδί̄, etc.; οὑτοσί̄, αὑτη̆ί̄, τουτί̄, οὑτοῐί̄, τουτωνί̄. So with other demonstratives and with adverbs: τοσουτοσί̄, οὑτωσί̄, ὡδί̄. For -ῑ we have, in comedy, -γῑ or (rarely) -δῑ formed from γ(ε), δ(ε) + ί̄. Thus, αὑτηγί̄, τουτογί̄, τουτοδί̄.

333 D

For τοῖσδε Hom. has also τοῖσδεσσι or τοῖσδεσι. Doric has n. pl. τούτοι, ταύται, gen. pl. fem. ταυτᾶν (Aeol. ταύτᾱν). κεῖνος occurs in Hdt. (together with ἐκεῖνος). Doric and Aeolic have κῆνος.

334

Interrogative and Indefinite Pronouns.—The interrogative pronoun τίς, τί who, which, what? never changes its accent to the grave (154). The indefinite pronoun τὶς, τὶ any one, some one, anything, something is enclitic (181 b).

a. ἄττα (not enclitic) is sometimes used for the indefinite τινά. ἄττα is derived from such locutions as πολλάττα, properly πολλά ¨ ττα (for τ[ιγλιδε]α).

334 D

Hom. and Hdt. have G. τέο, τεῦ, D. τέῳ (τῷ Hom.), G. τέων, D. τέοισι. These forms are also indefinite and enclitic (gen. τεῶν Hdt.). Hom. has ἄσσα for the indefinite τινά.

335

ἄλλος .—The indefinite pronoun ἄλλος another (Lat. alius, cp. 110) is declined like αὐτός: ἄλλος, ἄλλη, ἄλλο (never ἄλλον).

336

Δεῖνα .—The indefinite pronoun δεῖνα, always used with the article, means such a one. It is declined thus: sing. ὁ, ἡ, τὸ δεῖνα; τοῦ, τῆς, τοῦ δεῖνος; τῷ, τῇ, τῷ δεῖνι; τὸν, τὴν, τὸ δεῖνα; plur. (masc.) οἱ δεῖνες, τῶν δείνων, τοὺς δεῖνας. Example: ὁ δεῖνα τοῦ δεῖνος τὸν δεῖνα εἰσήγγειλεν such a one son of such a one impeached such a one [D.] 13. 5. δεῖνα is rarely indeclinable. Its use is colloquial and it occurs (in poetry) only in comedy.

337

Other indefinite pronominal adjectives are: ἕτερος, -ᾱ, -ον: with article, the other, one of two, the one (Lat. alter, alteruter); without article, other, another, a second (alius). By crasis (69) ἅ̄τερος, θά̄τερον, etc. ἑκάτερος, -ᾱ, -ον: each (of two) uterque; pl. either party, both parties, as utrique. ἕκαστος, -η, -ον: each, each one, every, every one, used of more than one (quisque). μόνος, -η, -ον: alone, only, sole. πᾶς (299): all, entire, every. The negatives οὐδείς, μηδείς (349 b) no one (poetical οὔτις, μήτις, in prose only οὔτι, μήτι, declined like τὶς; accent 186), Lat. nemo, nullus. οὐδέτερος, μηδέτερος neither of two (Lat. neuter).

338

Relative Pronouns.—The relative pronoun ὅς, ἥ, ὅ who, which, that is declined thus:

a. The feminine dual forms ἅ̄ and αἷν are seldom, if ever, used in Attic.

b. ὅς is used as a demonstrative in Homer and sometimes in prose (1113).

c. The enclitic particle -περ may be added to a relative pronoun (or adverb) to emphasize the connection between the relative and its antecedent. Thus, ὅσ-περ, ἥ-περ, ὅ-περ the very person who, the very thing which; so ὥσπερ just as. ὅσπερ is declined like ὅς.

d. Enclitic τε is added in ἐφ᾽ ᾧτε on condition that, οἷός τε (186 a) able to, ἅτε inasmuch as.

338 D

1. Hom. uses the demonstrative forms ὁ, ἡ, τό (332) as relatives (1105). In this case the nom. pl. has τοί, ταί (332 D.).

2. Besides the forms in 338, Hom. has gen. ὅο (miswritten ὅου) and ἕης.

3. Hdt. has ὅς, ἥ, τό, οἵ, αἵ, τά. In the oblique cases he uses τοῦ, τῆς, etc.; though, especially after prepositions capable of elision, he has the relative forms, as δι᾽ οὗ, παρ᾽ ᾧ, κατ᾽ ἥν, ὑπ᾽ ὧν; also ἐς ὅ.

339

The indefinite or general relative pronoun ὅστις, ἥτις, ὅ τι whoever (any-who, any-which), any one who, whatever, anything which, inflects each part (ὅς and τὶς) separately. For the accent, see 186.

a. The neuter ὅ τι is sometimes printed ὅ, τι to avoid confusion with the conjunction ὅτι that, because.

b. The shorter forms are rare in prose, but almost universal in poetry (especially ὅτου, ὅτῳ). Inscriptions have almost always ὅτου, ὅτῳ, ἅττα.

c. The plural ἅττα is to be distinguished from ἄττα (334 a).

d. τὶς may be added to ὁπότερος, ὅσος, οἷος (340) to make them more indefinite, as ὁποῖός τις of whatsoever kind.

e. οὖν, δή, or δήποτε may be added to the indefinite pronouns to make them as general as possible, as ὁστισοῦν (or ὅστις οὖν), ἡτισοῦν, ὁτιοῦν any one whatever, any thing whatever, and so ὁποιουσ-τινασ-οῦν, ὁστισ-δή-ποτε, or ὁστισ-δηποτ-οῦν. In these combinations all relative or interrogative force is lost.

f. The uncompounded relatives are often used in an exclamatory sense, and sometimes as indirect interrogatives. Indefinite relatives may be used as indirect interrogatives.

339 D

Hom. has the following special forms. The forms not in () are used also by Hdt. In the nom. and acc. Hdt has the usual forms.

340

Correlative Pronouns.—Many pronominal adjectives correspond to each other in form and meaning. In the following list poetic or rare forms are placed in ().

340 D

Hom. has (Aeolic) ππ in ὁππότερος, ὁπποῖος, and σς in ὅσσος, τόσσος, etc. Hdt. has κ for π in (ὁ)κότερος, (ὁ)κόσος, (ὁ)κοῖος.