VERBS
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INFLECTION: PRELIMINARY REMARKS (355-380)
355
The Greek verb shows distinctions of voice, mood, verbal noun, tense, number, and person.
356
Voices.—There are three voices: active, middle, and passive.
a. The middle usually denotes that the subject acts on himself or for himself, as λούομαι wash myself, ἀμύ̄νομαι defend myself (lit. ward off for myself).
b. The passive borrows all its forms, except the future and aorist, from the middle.
c. Deponent verbs have an active meaning but only middle (or middle and passive) forms. If its aorist has the middle form, a deponent is called a middle deponent (χαρίζομαι gratify, ἐχαρισάμην); if its aorist has the passive form, a deponent is called a passive deponent (ἐνθῡμέομαι reflect on, ἐνεθῡμήθην). Deponents usually prefer the passive to the middle forms of the aorist.
357
Moods.—Four moods, the indicative, subjunctive, optative, imperative, are called finite, because the person is defined by the ending (366). The infinitive, strictly a verbal noun (358), is sometimes classed as a mood.
358
Verbal Nouns.—Verbal forms that share certain properties of nouns are called verbal nouns. There are two kinds of verbal nouns.
1. Substantival: the infinitive.
N.—The infinitive is properly a case form (chiefly dative, rarely locative), herein being like a substantive.
2. Adjectival (inflected like adjectives):
a. Participles: active, middle, and passive.
b. Verbal adjectives:
In -τός, denoting possibility, as φιλητός lovable, or with the force of a perfect passive participle, as γραπτός written.
In -τέος, denoting necessity, as γραπτέος that must be written.
359
Tenses.—There are seven tenses in the indicative: present, imperfect, future, aorist, perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect. The future perfect commonly has a passive force, but it may be active or middle in meaning (see 581).
The subjunctive has three tenses: present, aorist, and perfect.
The optative and infinitive have five tenses: present, future, aorist, perfect, and future perfect.
The imperative has three tenses: present, aorist, and perfect.
359 D
Hom. does not use the future or future perfect in the optative.
360
Primary and Secondary Tenses.—There are two classes of tenses in the indicative: (1) Primary (or Principal) tenses, the present and perfect expressing present time, the future and future perfect expressing future time; (2) Secondary (or Historical) tenses, the imperfect, pluperfect, and aorist expressing past time. The secondary tenses have an augment (428) prefixed.
361
Second Aorists, etc.—Some verbs have tenses called second aorists (active, middle, and passive), second perfects and pluperfects (active only), and second futures (passive). The meaning of these tenses ordinarily corresponds to that of the first aorist, etc.; but when a verb has both forms in any tense (which is rarely the case), the two forms usually differ in meaning. Sometimes one form is poetical, the other used in prose.
362
No single Greek verb shows all the tenses mentioned in 359 and 361; and the paradigms are therefore taken from different verbs.
363
Number.—There are three numbers: the singular, dual, and plural.
364
Person.—There are three persons (first, second, and third) in the indicative, subjunctive, and optative. The imperative has only the second and third persons.
a. Except in a few cases in poetry (465 c) the first person plural is used for the first person dual.
365
Inflection.—The inflection of a verb consists in the addition of certain endings to the different stems.
366
Endings.—The endings in the finite moods (357) show whether the subject is first, second, or third person; and indicate number and voice. See 462 ff.
a. The middle has a different set of endings from the active. The passive has the endings of the middle except in the aorist, which has the active endings.
b. The indicative has two sets of endings in the active and in the middle: one for primary tenses, the other for secondary tenses.
c. The subjunctive uses the same endings as the primary tenses of the indicative; the optative uses the same as those of the secondary tenses.
STEMS
367
A Greek verb has two kinds of stems: (1) the tense-stem, to which the endings are attached, and (2) a common verb-stem (also called theme) from which all the tense-stems are derived. The tense-stem is usually made from the verb-stem by prefixing a reduplication-syllable (439), and by affixing signs for mood (457, 459) and tense (455). A tense-stem may be identical with a verbstem.
368
The Tense-stems.—The tenses fall into nine classes called tense-systems. Each tense-system has its own separate tense-stem.
| SYSTEMS. | TENSES. | ||
| I. | Present, | including | present and imperfect. |
| II. | Future, | “ | future active and middle. |
| III. | First aorist, | “ | first aorist active and middle. |
| IV. | Second aorist, | “ | second aorist active and middle. |
| V. | First perfect, | “ | first perfect, first pluperfect, and fut. perf., active. |
| VI. | Second perfect, | “ | second perfect and second pluperfect active. |
| VII. | Perfect middle, | “ | perfect and pluperfect middle (pass.), future perfect. |
| VIII. | First passive, | “ | first aorist and first future passive. |
| IX. | Second passive, | “ | second aorist and second future passive. |
The tense-stems are explained in detail in 497-597.
a. Since few verbs have both the first and second form of the same tense (361), most verbs have only six of these nine systems; many verbs do not even have six. Scarcely any verb shows all nine systems.
b. There are also secondary tense-stems for the future passive, the pluperfect, and the future perfect.
c. The tense-stems assume separate forms in the different moods.
369
The principal parts of a verb are the first person singular indicative of the tense-systems occurring in it. These are generally six: the present, future, first aorist, first (or second) perfect active, the perfect middle, and the first (or second) aorist passive. The future middle is given if there is no future active. The second aorist (active or middle) is added if it occurs. Thus:
λύ̄ω loose, λύ̄σω, ἔλῡσα, λέλυκα, λέλυμαι, ἐλύθην.
λείπω leave, λείψω, λέλοιπα, λέλειμμαι, ἐλείφθην, 2 aor. ἔλιπον.
γράφω write, γράψω, ἔγραψα, γέγραφα, γέγραμμαι, 2 aor. pass. ἐγράφην.
σκώπτω jeer, σκώψομαι, ἔσκωψα, ἐσκώφθην.
370
The principal parts of deponent verbs (356 c) are the present, future, perfect, and aorist indicative. Both first and second aorists are given if they occur.
βούλομαι wish, βουλήσομαι, βεβούλημαι, ἐβουλήθην (passive deponent).
γ́γνομαι become, γενήσομαι, γεγένημαι, 2 aor. ἐγενόμην (middle deponent).
ἐργάζομαι work, ἐργάσομαι, εἰργασάμην, εἴργασμαι, εἰργάσθην.
371
Verb-stem (or Theme).—The tense-stems are made from one fundamental stem called the verb-stem (or theme).
This verb-stem may be a root (193) as in τί̄-ω honour, or a root to which a derivative suffix has been appended, as in τῑ-μά-ω honour.
372
A verb forming its tense-stems directly from a root is called a primitive verb. A denominative verb forms its tense-stems from a longer verb-stem, originally a noun-stem; as δουλόω enslave from δοῦλος slave. Verbs in μι (379), and verbs in ω of two syllables (in the present indicative active, as λέγ-ω speak) or of three syllables (in the middle, as δέχομαι receive) are generally primitive. Others are denominative.
373
The verb-stem may show numerous modifications in form.
Thus, corresponding to the gradations in sing, sang, sung (35), the verb λείπ-ω leave shows the stems λειπ-, λοιπ- (2 perf. λέ-λοιπ-α), λιπ- (2 aor. ἔ-λιπ-ο-ν); the verb φεύγ-ω flee shows φευγ- and φυγ- (2 aor. ἔ-φυγ-ο-ν). In ῥήγνῡμι break we find the three stems ῥηγ, ῥωγ (2 perf. ἔρρωγα), ῥαγ (2 aor. pass. ἐρράγην). στέλλ-ω send has the stems στελ- and σταλ- (perf. ἔ-σταλ-κα, 2 fut. pass. σταλ-ήσομαι).
a. When the fundamental stem shows modifications, it is customary for convenience to call its shorter (or shortest) form the verb-stem, and to derive the other forms from it. The student must, however, beware of assuming that the short forms are older than the other forms.
374
The verb-stem may also show modifications in quantity, as present λύ̄-ω loose, perfect λέ-λῠ-κα.
N.—Various causes produce this variation. λύ̄ω has ῡ from analogy to λύ̄-σω, ἔ-λῡ-σα where the verb-stem λῠ has been regularly lengthened (534, 543). For Attic φθάνω anticipate Hom. has φθά̄νω for φθανϝω (28, 147 D.).
375
ω Inflection and μι Inflection.—There are two slightly different methods of inflecting verbs, the first according to the common, the second according to the μι system. The names ω-verbs and μι verbs (a small class) refer to the ending of the first person singular active of the present tense indicative only: λύ̄-ω loose, τίθη-μι place.
a. In the ω inflection the tense-stem ends in the thematic vowel. To this form belong all futures, and the presents, imperfects, and second aorists showing the thematic vowel.
376
According to the ending of the verb-stem, ω-verbs are termed:
1. Vowel (or pure) verbs:
a. Not contracted: those that end in υ or ι, as λύ̄-ω loose, παιδεύ-ω educate, χρί̄-ω anoint. Such verbs retain the final vowel of the stem unchanged in all their forms.
b. Contracted: those that end in α, ε, ο, as τῑμῶ honour from τῑμά-ω, ποιῶ make from ποιέ-ω, δηλῶ manifest from δηλό-ω.
2. Consonant verbs, as:
Liquid or nasal verbs: δέρ-ω flay, μέν-ω remain.
Verbs ending in a stop (or mute), as ἄγ-ω lead, πείθ-ω persuade.
N.—Verbs ending in a stop consonant are called labial, dental, or palatal verbs. Consonant verbs do not retain the final consonant of the stem unchanged in all their forms. The final consonant may be assimilated to a following consonant, or may form with it a double consonant.
377
Thematic Vowel.—Some tense-stems end in a vowel which varies between ο and ε (or ω and η) in certain forms. This is called the thematic (or variable) vowel. Thus λύ̄ο-μεν λύ̄ε-τε, λύ̄ω-μεν λύ̄η-τε, λύ̄σο-μεν λύ̄σε-τε. The thematic vowel is written όε or ώη, as λῡόε-, γραφώη-. See 456.
378
ο is used before μ or ν in the indicative, and in the optative, ω before μ or ν in the subjunctive, elsewhere ε is used in the indicative (η in the subjunctive).
379
In the μι inflection no thematic vowel is employed, and the endings are attached directly to the tense-stem. The μι form is used only in the present, imperfect, and second aorist. In the other tenses, verbs in μι generally show the same inflection as ω-verbs. For further explanation of the ω and the μι inflection see 602ff., 717ff.
380
Meanings of the Tenses and Moods.—In the synopsis (382) meanings are given wherever these are not dependent on the use of the various forms in the sentence. The meanings of the subjunctive and optative forms and the difference between the tenses can be learned satisfactorily only from the syntax. Some of these meanings may here be given:
a. Subjunctive: λύ̄ωμεν or λύ̄σωμεν let us loose, (ἐὰ̄ν) λύ̄ω or λύ̄σω (if) I loose, (ἵνα) γράφω (that) I may write.
b. Optative: (εἴθε) λύ̄οιμι or λύ̄σαιμι (would) that I may loose! (εἰ) λύ̄οιμεν or λύ̄σαιμεν (if) we should loose.
CONJUGATION: LIST OF PARADIGMS
I. Verbs in ω:
A. Vowel verbs not contracted:
Synopsis and conjugation of λύ̄ω (pp. 112-118).
Second aorist (active and middle) of λείπω (p. 119).
Second perfect and pluperfect (active) of λείπω.
B. Vowel verbs contracted:
Present and imperfect of τῑμάω, ποιέω, δηλόω (pp. 120-123).
C. Consonant verbs:
Liquid and nasal verbs: future and first aorist (active and middle), second aorist and second future passive of φαίνω (pp. 128-129).
Labial, dental, and palatal verbs: perfect and pluperfect, middle (passive) of λείπω, γράφω, πείθω, πρά̄ττω, ἐλέγχω (p. 130). Perfect of the liquid verbs ἀγγέλλω, φαίνω; and perfect of τελέω (p. 131).
II. Verbs in μι.
A. Present, imperfect, and 2 aorist of τίθημι, ἵστημι, δίδωμι (pp. 135 ff.).
Second aorist middle of ἐπριάμην (p. 138).
B. Present and imperfect of δείκνῡμι (p. 140).
Second aorist: ἔδῡν (p. 140).
CONJUGATION
I. (A) VOWEL VERBS: NOT CONTRACTED
382
| SYNOPSIS OF | |||
| I. PRESENT SYSTEM | II. FUTURE SYSTEM | III. FIRST AORIST SYSTEM | |
| ACTIVE: | Present and Imperfect | Future | 1 Aorist |
| Indic. | λύ̄ω I loose or am | λύ̄σω I shall loose | |
| loosing | |||
| ἔλῡον I was loos- | ἔλῡσα I loosed | ||
| ing | |||
| Subj. | λύ̄ω | λύ̄σω | |
| Opt. | λύ̄οιμι | λύ̄σοιμι | λύ̄σαιμι |
| Imper. | λῦε loose | λῦσον loose | |
| Infin. | λύ̄ειν to loose | λύ̄σειν to be about to | λῦσαι to loose or to |
| loose | have loosed | ||
| Part. | λύ̄ων loosing | λύ̄σων about to loose | λύ̄σᾱς having loosed |
| MIDDLE: | |||
| Indic. | λύ̄ομαι I loose (for | λύ̄σομαι I shall loose | |
| myself) | (for myself) | ||
| ἐλῡόμην I was | ἐλῡσάμην I loosed (for | ||
| loosing (for | myself) | ||
| myself) | |||
| Subj. | λύ̄ωμαι | λύ̄σωμαι | |
| Opt. | λῡοίμην | λῡσοίμην | λῡσαίμην |
| Imper. | λύ̄ου loose (for thy- | λῦσαι loose (for thy- | |
| self) | self) | ||
| Infin. | λύ̄εσθαι to loose (for | λύ̄σεσθαι to be about to | λύ̄σασθαι to loose or to |
| one's self) | loose (for one's self) | have loosed (for | |
| one's self) | |||
| Part. | λῡόμενος loosing (for | λῡσόμενος about to | λῡσάμενος having |
| one's self) | loose (for one's self) | loosed (for one's self) |
| PASSIVE: | |
| Indic. | λύ̄ομαι I am ) (being) |
| ἐλῡόμην ) loosed | |
| I was ) | |
| Subj. | Like Middle |
| Opt. | “ “ |
| Imper. | “ “ |
| Infin. | “ “ |
| Part. | “ “ |
| VIII FIRST PASSIVE SYSTEM | |
| 1 Future | 1 Aorist |
| λυθήσομαι I shall be | |
| loosed | ἐλύθην I was loosed |
| λυθῶ (for λυθέω) | |
| λυθησοίμην | λυθείην |
| λύθητι be loosed | |
| λυθήσεσθαι to be about | λυθῆναι to be loosed or |
| to be loosed | to have been loosed |
| λυθησόμενος about to | λυθείς having been |
| be loosed | loosed |
Verbal adjectives: ( λυτός that may be loosed, loosed
( λυτέος that must be loosed, (requiring) to be loosed
OF Ω-VERBS:
NOT CONTRACTED
| λύ̄ω (λῠ, λῡ) loose | |
| V. FIRST PERFECT SYSTEM | VII. PERFECT MIDDLE SYSTEM |
| 1 Perfect and Pluperfect Active | |
| λέλυκα I have loosed | |
| ἐλελύκη I had loosed | |
| λελυκὼς ὦ or λελύκω | |
| λελυκὼς εἴην or λελύκοιμι | |
| λελυκὼς ἴσθι or [ λέλυκε ] [Note: 1. The simple forms of the perfect imperative active of λύ̄ω probably never occur in classical Greek (697), but are included to show the inflection.] | |
| λελυκέναι to have loosed | |
| λελυκώς having loosed | |
| Perfect and Pluperfect Middle | |
| λέλυμαι I have loosed (for myself) | |
| ἐλελύμην I had loosed (for myself) | |
| λελυμένος ὦ | |
| λελυμένος εἴην | |
| λέλυσο (712, 714) | |
| λελύσθαι to have loosed (for one's self) | |
| λελυμένος having loosed (for one's self) |
| Perfect and Pluperfect Passive | Future Perfect Passive |
| λέλυμαι I have ( been | λελύ̄σομαι I shall have |
| ἐλελύμην I had ( loosed | been loosed |
| Like Middle | |
| “ “ | λελῡσοίμην |
| “ “ | |
| “ “ | λελύ̄σεσθαι |
| “ “ | λελῡσόμενος |
I. (A) VOWEL VERBS:
383
1. ACTIVE
| Present | Imperfect | Future | |
| INDICATIVE. | S. 1. λύ̄ω | ἔλῡον | λύ̄σω |
| 2. λύ̄εις | ἔλῡες | λύ̄σεις | |
| 3. λύ̄ει | ἔλῡε | λύ̄σει | |
| D. 2. λύ̄ετον | ἐλύ̄ετον | λύ̄σετον | |
| 3. λύ̄ετον | ἐλῡέτην | λύ̄σετον | |
| P. 1. λύ̄ομεν | ἐλύ̄ομεν | λύ̄σομεν | |
| 2. λύ̄ετε | ἐλύ̄ετε | λύ̄σετε | |
| 3. λύ̄ουσι | ἔλῡον | λύ̄σουσι | |
| SUBJUNCTIVE. | S. 1. λύ̄ω | ||
| 2. λύ̄ῃς | |||
| 3. λύ̄ῃ | |||
| D. 2. λύ̄ητον | |||
| 3. λύ̄ητον | |||
| P. 1. λύ̄ωμεν | |||
| 2. λύ̄ητε | |||
| 3. λύ̄ωσι | |||
| OPTATIVE. | S. 1. λύ̄οιμι | λύ̄σοιμι | |
| 2. λύ̄οις | λύ̄σοις | ||
| 3. λύ̄οι | λύ̄σοι | ||
| D. 2. λύ̄οιτον | λύ̄σοιτον | ||
| 3. λῡοίτην | λῡσοίτην | ||
| P. 1. λύ̄οιμεν | λύ̄σοιμεν | ||
| 2. λύ̄οιτε | λύ̄σοιτε | ||
| 3. λύ̄οιεν | λύ̄σοιεν | ||
| IMPERATIVE. | S. 2. λῦε | ||
| 3. λῡέτω | |||
| D. 2. λύ̄ετον | |||
| 3. λῡέτων | |||
| P. 2. λύ̄ετε | |||
| 3. λῡόντων | |||
| INFINITIVE. | λύ̄ειν | λύ̄σειν | |
| PARTICIPLE. | λύ̄ων, λύ̄ουσα, | λύ̄σων, λύ̄σουσα, | |
| λῦον (305) | λῦσον (305) |
NOT CONTRACTED
VOICE OF λύ̄ω
| 1 Aorist | 1 Perfect | 1 Pluperfect | |
| IND. | S. 1. ἔλῡσα | λέλυκα | ἐλελύκη |
| 2. ἔλῡσας | λέλυκας | ἐλελύκης | |
| 3. ἔλῡσε | λέλυκε | ἐλελύκει ( ν ) | |
| D. 2. ἐλύ̄σατον | λελύκατον | ἐλελύκετον | |
| 3. ἐλῡσάτην | λελύκατον | ἐλελυκέτην | |
| P. 1. ἐλύ̄σαμεν | λελύκαμεν | ἐλελύκεμεν | |
| 2. ἐλύ̄σατε | λελύκατε | ἐλελύκετε | |
| 3. ἔλῡσαν | λελύκᾱσι | ἐλελύκεσαν | |
| SUBJ. | S. 1. λύ̄σω | λελυκὼς ὦ (691) or | λελύκω (692) |
| 2. λύ̄σῃς | λελυκὼς ᾖς | λελύκῃς | |
| 3. λύ̄σῃ | λελυκὼς ᾖ | λελύκῃ | |
| D. 2. λύ̄σητον | λελυκότε ἦτον | λελύκητον | |
| 3. λύ̄σητον | λελυκότε ἦτον | λελύκητον | |
| P. 1. λύ̄σωμεν | λελυκότες ὦμεν | λελύκωμεν | |
| 2. λύ̄σητε | λελυκότες ἦτε | λελύκητε | |
| 3. λύ̄σωσι | λελυκότες ὦσι | λελύκωσι | |
| OPT. | S. 1. λύ̄σαιμι | λελυκὼς εἴην (694) or | λελύκοιμι, -οίην |
| 2. λύ̄σαις, λύ̄σειας (668) | λελυκὼς εἴης | λελύκοις, -οίης | |
| 3. λύ̄σαι, λύ̄σειε (668) | λελυκὼς εἴη | λελύκοι, -οίη | |
| D. 2. λύ̄σαιτον | λελυκότε εἴητον, εἶτον | λελύκοιτον | |
| 3. λῡσαίτην | λελυκότε εἰήτην, εἴτην | λελυκοίτην | |
| P. 1. λύ̄σαιμεν | λελυκότες εἴημεν, ει῏μεν | λελύκοιμεν | |
| 2. λύ̄σαιτε | λελυκότες εἴητε, εἶτε | λελύκοιτε | |
| 3. λύ̄σαιεν, λύ̄σειαν (668) | λελυκότες εἴησαν, εἶεν | λελύκοιεν | |
| IMP. | S. 2. λῦσον | λελυκὼς ἴσθι (697) or | [ λέλυκε (697) |
| 3. λῡσάτω | λελυκὼς ἔστω | λελυκέτω | |
| D. 2. λύ̄σατον | λελυκότε ἔστον | λελύκετον | |
| 3. λῡσάτων | λελυκότε ἔστων | λελυκέτων | |
| P. 2. λύ̄σατε | λελυκότες ἐστέ | λελύκετε ] | |
| 3. λῡσάντων | λελυκότες ὄντων | ||
| INF. | λῦσαι | λελυκέναι | |
| PART. | λύ̄σᾱς, λύ̄σᾱσα, | λελυκώς, λελυκυῖα, | |
| λῦσαν (306) | λελυκός (309) |
2. MIDDLE [Note: 1. λύ̄ω in the middle usually means to release for one's self, get some one set free, hence to ransom, redeem, deliver.]
| Present | Imperfect | Future | |
| INDICATIVE. | S. 1. λύ̄ομαι | ἐλῡόμην | λύ̄σομαι |
| 2. λύ̄ῃ, λύ̄ει (628) | ἐλύ̄ου | λύ̄σῃ, λύ̄σει (628) | |
| 3. λύ̄εται | ἐλύ̄ετο | λύ̄σεται | |
| D. 2. λύ̄εσθον | ἐλύ̄εσθον | λύ̄σεσθον | |
| 3. λύ̄εσθον | ἐλῡέσθην | λύ̄σεσθον | |
| P. 1. λῡόμεθα | ἐλῡόμεθα | λῡσόμεθα | |
| 2. λύ̄εσθε | ἐλύ̄εσθε | λύ̄σεσθε | |
| 3. λύ̄ονται | ἐλύ̄οντο | λύ̄σονται | |
| SUBJUNCTIVE. | S. 1. λύ̄ωμαι | ||
| 2. λύ̄ῃ | |||
| 3. λύ̄ηται | |||
| D. 2. λύ̄ησθον | |||
| 3. λύ̄ησθον | |||
| P. 1. λῡώμεθα | |||
| 2. λύ̄ησθε | |||
| 3. λύ̄ωνται | |||
| OPTATIVE. | S. 1. λῡοίμην | λῡσοίμην | |
| 2. λύ̄οιο | λύ̄σοιο | ||
| 3. λύ̄οιτο | λύ̄σοιτο | ||
| D. 2. λύ̄οισθον | λύ̄σοισθον | ||
| 3. λῡοίσθην | λῡσοίσθην | ||
| P. 1. λῡοίμεθα | λῡσοίμεθα | ||
| 2. λύ̄οισθε | λύ̄σοισθε | ||
| 3. λύ̄οιντο | λύ̄σοιντο | ||
| IMPERATIVE. | S. 2. λύ̄ου | ||
| 3. λῡέσθω | |||
| D. 2. λύ̄εσθον | |||
| 3. λῡέσθων | |||
| P. 2. λύ̄εσθε | |||
| 3. λῡέσθων | |||
| INFINITIVE. | λύ̄εσθαι | λύ̄σεσθαι | |
| PARTICIPLE. | λῡόμενος, λῡομένη, | λῡσόμενος, -η, | |
| λῡόμενον (287) | -ον (287) |
VOICE OF λύ̄ω
| 1 Aorist | Perfect | Pluperfect | |
| INDICATIVE. | S. 1. ἐλῡσάμην | λέλυμαι | ἐλελύμην |
| 2. ἐλύ̄σω | λέλυσαι | ἐλέλυσο | |
| 3. ἐλύ̄σατο | λέλυται | ἐλέλυτο | |
| D. 2. ἐλύ̄σασθον | λέλυσθον | ἐλέλυσθον | |
| 3. ἐλῡσάσθην | λέλυσθον | ἐλελύσθην | |
| P. 1. ἐλῡσάμεθα | λελύμεθα | ἐλελύμεθα | |
| 2. ἐλύ̄σασθε | λέλυσθε | ἐλέλυσθε | |
| 3. ἐλύ̄σαντο | λέλυνται | ἐλέλυντο | |
| SUBJUNCTIVE. | S. 1. λύ̄σωμαι | λελυμένος ὦ (599 f) | |
| 2. λύ̄σῃ | λελυμένος ᾖς | ||
| 3. λύ̄σηται | λελυμένος ᾖ | ||
| D. 2. λύ̄σησθον | λελυμένω ἦτον | ||
| 3. λύ̄σησθον | λελυμένω ἦτον | ||
| P. 1. λῡσώμεθα | λελυμένοι ὦμεν | ||
| 2. λύ̄σησθε | λελυμένοι ἦτε | ||
| 3. λύ̄σωνται | λελυμένοι ὦσι | ||
| OPTATIVE. | S. 1. λῡσαίμην | λελυμένος εἴην (599 f) | |
| 2. λύ̄σαιο | λελυμένος εἴης | ||
| 3. λύ̄σαιτο | λελυμένος εἴη | ||
| D. 2. λύ̄σαισθον | λελυμένω εἴητον or εἶτον | ||
| 3. λῡσαίσθην | λελυμένω εἰήτην or εἴτην | ||
| P. 1. λῡσαίμεθα | λελυμένοι εἴημεν or εἶμεν | ||
| 2. λύ̄σαισθε | λελυμένοι εἴητε or εἶτε | ||
| 3. λύ̄σαιντο | λελυμένοι εἴησαν or εἶεν | ||
| IMPERATIVE. | S. 2. λῦσαι | λέλυσο (599 g) | |
| 3. λῡσάσθω | λελύσθω (712) | ||
| D. 2. λύ̄σασθον | λέλυσθον | ||
| 3. λῡσάσθων | λελύσθων | ||
| P. 2. λύ̄σασθε | λέλυσθε | ||
| 3. λῡσάσθων | λελύσθων | ||
| INFINITIVE. | λύ̄σασθαι | λελύσθαι | |
| PARTICIPLE. | λῡσάμενος, -η, -ον | λελυμένος, -η, -ον | |
| (287) | (287) |
| 3. PASSIVE VOICE OF λύ̄ω | |||
| Future Perfect | 1 Aorist | 1 Future | |
| INDICATIVE. | S. 1. λελύ̄σομαι | ἐλύθην | λυθήσομαι |
| 2. λελύ̄σῃ, λελύ̄σει | ἐλύθης | λυθήσῃ, λυθήσει | |
| 3. λελύ̄σεται | ἐλύθη | λυθήσεται | |
| D. 2. λελύ̄σεσθον | ἐλύθητον | λυθήσεσθον | |
| 3. λελύ̄σεσθον | ἐλυθήτην | λυθήσεσθον | |
| P. 1. λελῡσόμεθα | ἐλύθημεν | λυθησόμεθα | |
| 2. λελύ̄σεσθε | ἐλύθητε | λυθήσεσθε | |
| 3. λελύ̄σονται | ἐλύθησαν | λυθήσονται | |
| SUBJUNCTIVE. | S. 1. | λυθῶ | |
| 2. | λυθῇς | ||
| 3. | λυθῇ | ||
| D. 2. | λυθῆτον | ||
| 3. | λυθῆτον | ||
| P. 1. | λυθῶμεν | ||
| 2. | λυθῆτε | ||
| 3. | λυθῶσι | ||
| OPTATIVE. | S. 1. λελῡσοίμην | λυθείην | λυθησοίμην |
| 2. λελύ̄σοιο | λυθείης | λυθήσοιο | |
| 3. λελύ̄σοιτο | λυθείη | λυθήσοιτο | |
| D. 2. λελύ̄σοισθον | λυθεῖτον or λυθείητον | λυθήσοισθον | |
| 3. λελῡσοίσθην | λυθείτην or λυθειήτην | λυθησοίσθην | |
| P. 1. λελῡσοίμεθα | λυθεῖμεν or λυθείημεν | λυθησοίμεθα | |
| 2. λελύ̄σοισθε | λυθεῖτε or λυθείητε | λυθήσοισθε | |
| 3. λελύ̄σοιντο | λυθεῖεν or λυθείησαν | λυθήσοιντο | |
| IMPERATIVE. | S. 2. | λύθητι | |
| 3. | λυθήτω | ||
| D. 2. | λύθητον | ||
| 3. | λυθήτων | ||
| P. 2. | λύθητε | ||
| 3. | λυθέντων | ||
| INFINITIVE. | λελύ̄σεσθαι | λυθῆναι | λυθήσεσθαι |
| PARTICIPLE. | λελῡσόμενος , | λυθείς, λυθεῖσα, | λυθησόμενος , |
| -η, -ον (287) | λυθέν (307) | -η, -ον (287) |
384
As examples of the second aorist and second perfect systems (368), the second aorist active and middle and the second perfect and pluperfect active of λείπω leave are here given.
| 2 Aorist Active | 2 Aorist Middle | 2 Perfect | 2 Pluperfect | |
| IND. | S. 1. ἔλιπον | ἐλιπόμην | λέλοιπα | ἐλελοίπη |
| 2. ἔλιπες | ἐλίπου | λέλοιπας | ἐλελοίπης | |
| 3. ἔλιπε | ἐλίπετο | λέλοιπε | ἐλελοίπει ( ν ) | |
| D. 2. ἐλίπετον | ἐλίπεσθον | λελοίπατον | ἐλελοίπετον | |
| 3. ἐλιπέτην | ἐλιπέσθην | λελοίπατον | ἐλελοιπέτην | |
| P. 1. ἐλίπομεν | ἐλιπόμεθα | λελοίπαμεν | ἐλελοίπεμεν | |
| 2. ἐλίπετε | ἐλίπεσθε | λελοίπατε | ἐλελοίπετε | |
| 3. ἔλιπον | ἐλίποντο | λελοίπᾱσι | ἐλελοίπεσαν | |
| SUBJ. | S. 1. λίπω | λίπωμαι | λελοιπὼς ὦ (599 c) or | λελοίπω (692) |
| 2. λίπῃς | λίπῃ | λελοιπὼς ᾖς | λελοίπῃς | |
| 3. λίπῃ | λίπηται | λελοιπὼς ἦ | λελοίπῃ | |
| D. 2. λίπητον | λίπησθον | λελοιπότε ἦτον | λελοίπητον | |
| 3. λίπητον | λίπησθον | λελοιπότε ἦτον | λελοίπητον | |
| P. 1. λίπωμεν | λιπώμεθα | λελοιπότες ὦμεν | λελοίπωμεν | |
| 2. λίπητε | λίπησθε | λελοιπότες ἦτε | λελοίπητε | |
| 3. λίπωσι | λίπωνται | λελοιπότες ὦσι | λελοίπωσι | |
| OPT. | S. 1. λίποιμι | λιποίμην | λελοιπὼς εἴην (599 c) or | λελοίποιμι (695) |
| 2. λίποις | λίποιο | λελοιπὼς εἴης | λελοίποις | |
| 3. λίποι | λίποιτο | λελοιπὼς εἴη | λελοίποι | |
| D. 2. λίποιτον | λίποισθον | λελοιπότε εἴητον, εἶτον | λελοίποιτον | |
| 3. λιποίτην | λιποίσθην | λελοιπότε εἰήτην, εἴτην | λελοιποίτην | |
| P. 1. λίποιμεν | λιποίμεθα | λελοιπότες εἴημεν, εἶμεν | λελοίποιμεν | |
| 2. λίποιτε | λίποισθε | λελοιπότες εἴητε, εἶτε | λελοίποιτε | |
| 3. λίποιεν | λίποιντο | λελοιπότες εἴησαν, εἶεν | λελοίποιεν | |
| IMP. | S. 2. λίπε | λιποῦ | ||
| 3. λιπέτω | λιπέσθω | |||
| D. 2. λίπετον | λίπεσθον | |||
| 3. λιπέτων | λιπέσθων | |||
| P. 2. λίπετε | λίπεσθε | |||
| 3. λιπόντων | λιπέσθων | |||
| INF. | λιπεῖν | λιπέσθαι | λελοιπέναι | |
| PART. | λιπών, λιποῦ- | λιπόμενος , | λελοιπώς, -υῖα, -ός (309) | |
| σα, λιπόν | -η, -ον | |||
| (305 a) | (287) |
I. (B) VOWEL VERBS: CONTRACTED VERBS
385
Verbs in -αω, -εω, -οω are contracted only in the present and imperfect. The principles of contraction are explained in 49-55. τῑμάω (τῑμα-) honour, ποιέω (ποιε-) make, and δηλόω (δηλο-) manifest are thus inflected in the present and imperfect of the active, middle and passive.
| ACTIVE | |||||
| PRESENT INDICATIVE | |||||
| S. 1. (τῑμάω) | τῑμῶ | (ποιέω) | ποιῶ | (δηλόω) | δηλῶ |
| 2. (τῑμάεισ) | τῑμᾷς | (ποιέεισ) | ποιεῖς | (δηλόεισ) | δηλοῖς |
| 3. (τῑμάει) | τῑμᾷ | (ποιέει) | ποιεῖ | (δηλόει) | δηλοῖ |
| D. 2. (τῑμάετον) | τῑμᾶτον | (ποιέετον) | ποιεῖτον | (δηλόετον) | δηλοῦτον |
| 3. (τῑμάετον) | τῑμᾶτον | (ποιέετον) | ποιεῖτον | (δηλόετον) | δηλοῦτον |
| P. 1. (τῑμάομεν) | τῑμῶμεν | (ποιέομεν) | ποιοῦμεν | (δηλόομεν) | δηλοῦμεν |
| 2. (τῑμάετε) | τῑμᾶτε | (ποιέετε) | ποιεῖτε | (δηλόετε) | δηλοῦτε |
| 3. (τῑμάουσι) | τῑμῶσι | (ποιέουσι) | ποιοῦσι | (δηλόουσι) | δηλοῦσι |
| S. 1. (ἐτί̄μαον) | ἐτί̄μων | (ἐποίεον) | ἐποίουν | (ἐδήλοον) | ἐδήλουν |
| 2. (ἐτί̄μαεσ) | ἐτί̄μᾱς | (ἐποίεεσ) | ἐποίεις | (ἐδήλοεσ) | ἐδήλους |
| 3. (ἐτί̄μαε) | ἐτί̄μᾱ | (ἐποίεε) | ἐποίει | (ἐδήλοε) | ἐδήλου |
| D. 2. (ἐτῑμάετον) | ἐτῑμᾶτον | (ἐποιέετον) | ἐποιεῖτον | (ἐδηλόετον) | ἐδηλοῦτον |
| 3. (ἐτῑμαέτην) | ἐτῑμά̄την | (ἐποιεέτην) | ἐποιείτην | (ἐδηλοέτην) | ἐδηλούτην |
| P. 1. (ἐτῑμάομεν) | ἐτῑμῶμεν | (ἐποιέομεν) | ἐποιοῦμεν | (ἐδηλόομεν) | ἐδηλοῦμεν |
| 2. (ἐτῑμάετε) | ἐτῑμᾶτε | (ἐποιέετε) | ἐποιεῖτε | (ἐδηλόετε) | ἐδηλοῦτε |
| 3. (ἐτί̄μαον) | ἐτί̄μων | (ἐποίεον) | ἐποίουν | (ἐδήλοον) | ἐδήλουν |
| S. 1. (τῑμάω) | τῑμῶ | (ποιέω) | ποιῶ | (δηλόω) | δηλῶ |
| 2. (τῑμάῃσ) | τῑμᾷς | (ποιέῃσ) | ποιῇς | (δηλόῃσ) | δηλοῖς |
| 3. (τῑμάῃ) | τῑμᾷ | (ποιέῃ) | ποιῇ | (δηλόῃ) | δηλοῖ |
| D. 2. (τῑμάητον) | τῑμᾶτον | (ποιέητον) | ποιῆτον | (δηλόητον) | δηλῶτον |
| 3. (τῑμάητον) | τῑμᾶτον | (ποιέητον) | ποιῆτον | (δηλόητον) | δηλῶτον |
| P. 1. (τῑμάωμεν) | τῑμῶμεν | (ποιέωμεν) | ποιῶμεν | (δηλόωμεν) | δηλῶμεν |
| 2. (τῑμάητε) | τῑμᾶτε | (ποιέητε) | ποιῆτε | (δηλόητε) | δηλῶτε |
| 3. (τῑμάωσι) | τῑμῶσι | (ποιέωσι) | ποιῶσι | (δηλόωσι) | δηλῶσι |
| S. 1. (τῑμαοίην) | τῑμῴην | (ποιεοίην) | ποιοίην | (δηλοοίην) | δηλοίην |
| 2. (τῑμαοίησ) | τῑμῴης | (ποιεοίησ) | ποιοίης | (δηλοοίησ) | δηλοίης |
| 3. (τῑμαοίη) | τῑμῴη | (ποιεοίη) | ποιοίη | (δηλοοίη) | δηλοίη |
| D. 2. (τῑμαοίητον) | τῑμῴητον | (ποιεοίητον) | ποιοίητον | (δηλοοίητον) | δηλοίητον |
| 3. (τῑμαοιήτην) | τῑμῳήτην | (ποιεοιήτην) | ποιοιήτην | (δηλοοιήτην) | δηλοιήτην |
| P. 1. (τῑμαοίημεν) | τῑμῴημεν | (ποιεοίημεν) | ποιοίημεν | (δηλοοίημεν) | δηλοίημεν |
| 2. (τῑμαοίητε) | τῑμῴητε | (ποιεοίητε) | ποιοίητε | (δηλοοίητε) | δηλοίητε |
| 3. (τῑμαοίησαν) | τῑμῴησαν | (ποιεοίησαν) | ποιοίησαν | (δηλοοίησαν) | δηλοίησαν |
| or | or | or | |||
| S. 1. (τῑμάοιμι) | τῑμῷμι | (ποιέοιμι) | ποιοῖμι | (δηλόοιμι) | δηλοῖμι |
| 2. (τῑμάοισ) | τῑμῷς | (ποιέοισ) | ποιοῖς | (δηλόοισ) | δηλοῖς |
| 3. (τῑμάοι) | τῑμῷ | (ποιέοι) | ποιοῖ | (δηλόοι) | δηλοῖ |
| D. 2. (τῑμάοιτον) | τῑμῷτον | (ποιέοιτον) | ποιοῖτον | (δηλόοιτον) | δηλοῖτον |
| 3. (τῑμαοίτην) | τῑμῴτην | (ποιεοίτην) | ποιοίτην | (δηλοοίτην) | δηλοίτην |
| P. 1. (τῑμάοιμεν) | τῑμῷμεν | (ποιέοιμεν) | ποιοῖμεν | (δηλόοιμεν) | δηλοῖμεν |
| 2. (τῑμάοιτε) | τῑμῷτε | (ποιέοιτε) | ποιοῖτε | (δηλόοιτε) | δηλοῖτε |
| 3. (τῑμάοιεν) | τῑμῷεν | (ποιέοιεν) | ποιοῖεν | (δηλόοιεν) | δηλοῖεν |
| S. 2. (τί̄μαε) | τί̄μᾱ | (ποίεε) | ποίει | (δήλοε) | δήλου |
| 3. (τῑμαέτω) | τῑμά̄τω | (ποιεέτω) | ποιείτω | (δηλοέτω) | δηλούτω |
| D. 2. (τῑμάετον) | τῑμᾶτον | (ποιέετον) | ποιεῖτον | (δηλόετον) | δηλοῦτον |
| 3. (τῑμαέτων) | τῑμά̄των | (ποιεέτων) | ποιείτων | (δηλοέτων) | δηλούτων |
| P. 2. (τῑμάετε) | τῑμᾶτε | (ποιέετε) | ποιεῖτε | (δηλόετε) | δηλοῦτε |
| 3. (τιμαόντων) | τῑμώντων | (ποιεόντων) | ποιούντων | (δηλοόντων) | δηλούντων |
| (τῑμάειν) | τῑμᾶν | (ποιέειν) | ποιεῖν | (δηλόειν) | δηλοῦν |
| (τῑμάων) | τῑμῶν | (ποιέων) | ποιῶν | (δηλόων) | δηλῶν |
For the inflection of contracted participles, see 310. For the infinitive, see 469 a.
Attic prose always, and Attic poetry usually, use the contracted forms.
N. 1.—The open forms of verbs in -αω are sometimes found in Homer. Verbs in -εω often show the uncontracted forms in Homer; in Herodotus contraction properly takes place except before ο and ω. Verbs in -οω never appear in their uncontracted forms in any author.
N. 2.—ποιέω sometimes loses its ι (43) except before ο sounds.
| S. 1. (τῑμάομαι) | τῑμῶμαι | (ποιέομαι) | ποιοῦμαι | (δηλόομαι) | δηλοῦμαι |
| 2. (τῑμάῃ, τῑμάει) | τῑμᾷ | (ποιέῃ, ποιέει) | ποιῇ, ποιεῖ | (δηλόῃ, δηλόει) | δηλοῖ |
| 3. (τῑμάεται) | τῑμᾶται | (ποιέεται) | ποιεῖται | (δηλόεται) | δηλοῦται |
| D. 2. (τῑμάεσθον) | τῑμᾶσθον | (ποιέεσθον) | ποιεῖσθον | (δηλόεσθον) | δηλοῦσθον |
| 3. (τῑμάεσθον) | τῑμᾶσθον | (ποιέεσθον) | ποιεῖσθον | (δηλόεσθον) | δηλοῦσθον |
| P. 1. (τῑμαόμεθα) | τῑμώμεθα | (ποιεόμεθα) | ποιούμεθα | (δηλοόμεθα) | δηλούμεθα |
| 2. (τῑμάεσθε) | τῑμᾶσθε | (ποιέεσθε) | ποιεῖσθε | (δηλόεσθε) | δηλοῦσθε |
| 3. (τῑμάονται) | τῑμῶνται | (ποιέονται) | ποιοῦνται | (δηλόονται) | δηλοῦνται |
| S. 1. (ἐτῑμαόμην) | ἐτῑμώμην | (ἐποιεόμην) | ἐποιούμην | (ἐδηλοόμην) | ἐδηλούμην |
| 2. (ἐτῑμάου) | ἐτῑμῶ | (ἐποιέου) | ἐποιοῦ | (ἐδηλόου) | ἐδηλοῦ |
| 3. (ἐτῑμάετο) | ἐτῑμᾶτο | (ἐποιέετο) | ἐποιεῖτο | (ἐδηλόετο) | ἐδηλοῦτο |
| D. 2. (ἐτῑμάεσθον) | ἐτῑμᾶσθον | (ἐποιέεσθον) | ἐποιεῖσθον | (ἐδηλόεσθον) | ἐδηλοῦσθον |
| 3. (ἐτῑμαέσθην) | ἐτῑμά̄σθην | (ἐποιεέσθην) | ἐποιείσθην | (ἐδηλοέσθην) | ἐδηλούσθην |
| P. 1. (ἐτῑμαόμεθα) | ἐτῑμώμεθα | (ἐποιεόμεθα) | ἐποιούμεθα | (ἐδηλοόμεθα) | ἐδηλούμεθα |
| 2. (ἐτῑμάεσθε) | ἐτῑμᾶσθε | (ἐποιέεσθε) | ἐποιεῖσθε | (ἐδηλόεσθε) | ἐδηλοῦσθε |
| 3. (ἐτῑμάοντο) | ἐτῑμῶντο | (ἐποιέοντο) | ἐποιοῦντο | (ἐδηλόοντο) | ἐδηλοῦντο |
| S. 1. (τῑμάωμαι) | τῑμῶμαι | (ποιέωμαι) | ποιῶμαι | (δηλόωμαι) | δηλῶμαι |
| 2. (τῑμάῃ) | τῑμᾷ | (ποιέῃ) | ποιῇ | (δηλόῃ) | δηλοῖ |
| 3. (τῑμάητα<*>) | τῑμᾶται | (ποιέηται) | ποιῆται | (δηλόηται) | δηλῶται |
| D. 2. (τῑμάησθον) | τῑμᾶσθον | (ποιέησθον) | ποιῆσθον | (δηλόησθον) | δηλῶσθον |
| 3. (τῑμάησθον) | τῑμᾶσθον | (ποιέησθον) | ποιῆσθον | (δηλόησθον) | δηλῶσθον |
| P. 1. (τῑμαώμεθα) | τιμώμεθα | (ποιεώμεθα) | ποιώμεθα | (δηλοώμεθα) | δηλώμεθα |
| 2. (τῑμάησθε) | τῑμᾶσθε | (ποιέησθε) | ποιῆσθε | (δηλόησθε) | δηλῶσθε |
| 3. (τῑμάωνται) | τῑμῶνται | (ποιέωνται) | ποιῶνται | (δηλόωνται) | δηλῶνται |
| S. 1. (τῑμαοίμην) | τῑμῴμην | (ποιεοίμην) | ποιοίμην | (δηλοοίμην) | δηλοίμην |
| 2. (τῑμάοιο) | τῑμῷο | (ποιέοιο) | ποιοῖο | (δηλόοιο) | δηλοῖο |
| 3. (τῑμάοιτο) | τῑμῷτο | (ποιέοιτο) | ποιοῖτο | (δηλόοιτο) | δηλοῖτο |
| D. 2. (τῑμάοισθον) | τῑμῷσθον | (ποιέοισθον) | ποιοῖσθον | (δηλόολισθον) | δηλοῖσθον |
| 3. (τῑμαοίσθην) | τῑμῴσθην | (ποιεοίσθην) | ποιοίσθην | (δηλοοίσθην) | δηλοίσθην |
| P. 1. (τῑμαοίμεθα) | τῑμῴμεθα | (ποιεοίμεθα) | ποιοίμεθα | (δηλοοίμεθα) | δηλοίμεθα |
| 2. (τῑμάοισθε) | τῑμῷσθε | (ποιέοισθε) | ποιοῖσθε | (δηλόοισθε) | δηλοῖσθε |
| 3. (τῑμάοιντο) | τῑμῷντο | (ποιέοιντο) | ποιοῖντο | (δηλόοιντο) | δηλοῖντο |
| S. 2. (τῑμάου) | τῑμῶ | (ποιέου) | ποιοῦ | (δηλόου) | δηλοῦ |
| 3. (τῑμαέσθω) | τῑμά̄σθω | (ποιεέσθω) | ποιείσθω | (δηλοέσθω) | δηλούσθω |
| D. 2. (τῑμάεσθον) | τῑμᾶσθον | (ποιέεσθον) | ποιεῖσθον | (δηλόεσθον) | δηλοῦσθον |
| 3. (τῑμαέσθων) | τῑμά̄σθων | (ποιεέσθων) | ποιείσθων | (δηλοέσθων) | δηλούσθων |
| P. 2. (τῑμάεσθε) | τῑμᾶσθε | (ποιέεσθε) | ποιεῖσθε | (δηλόεσθε) | δηλοῦσθε |
| 3. (τῑμαέσθων) | τῑμά̄σθων | (ποιεέσθων) | ποιείσθων | (δηλοέσθων) | δηλούσθων |
| (τῑμάεσθαι) | τῑμᾶσθαι | (ποιέεσθαι) | ποιεῖσθαι | (δηλόεσθαι) | δηλοῦσθαι |
| (τῑμαόμενοσ) | τῑμώμενος | (ποιεόμενοσ) | ποιούμενος | (δηλοόμενοσ) | δηλούμενος |
386
Examples of Contracted Verbs.
| 1. Verbs in -αω: | |
| ἀπατάω deceive (ἀπάτη deceit) | ὁρμάω set in motion (ὁρμή impulse) |
| βοάω shout (βοή shout) | πειράομαι attempt (πεῖρα trial) |
| μελετάω practise (μελέτη practice) | τελευτάω finish (τελευτή end) |
| νῑκάω conquer (νί̄κη victory) | τολμάω dare (τόλμα daring) |
| 2. Verbs in -εω: | |
| ἀδικέω do wrong (ἄδικος unjust) | οἰκέω inhabit (οἶκος housë, poetic) |
| βοηθέω assist (βοηθός assisting) | πολεμέω make war (πόλεμος war) |
| κοσμέω order (κόσμος order) | φθονέω envy (φθόνος envy) |
| μῑσέω hate (μῖσος hate) | φιλέω love (φίλος friend) |
| 3. Verbs in -οω: | |
| ἀξιόω think worthy (ἄξιος worthy) | κῡρόω make valid (κῦρος authority) |
| δουλόω enslave (δοῦλος slave) | πολεμόω make an enemy of (πόλεμος war) |
| ἐλευθερόω set free (ἐλεύθερος free) | στεφανόω crown (στέφανος crown) |
| ζυγόω put under the yoke (ζυγόν yoke) | ταπεινόω humiliate (ταπεινός humbled) |
387
Principal parts of Contracted Verbs.
| τῑμάω | τῑμήσω | ἐτί̄μησα | τετί̄μηκα | τετί̄μημαι | ἐτῑμήθην |
| θηρά̄ω | θηρά̄σω | ἐθήρᾱσα | τεθήρᾱκα | τεθήρᾱμαι | ἐθηρά̄θην |
| ποιεώ | ποιήσω | ἐποίησα | πεποίηκα | πεποίημαι | ἐποιήθην |
| δηλόω | δηλώσω | ἐδήλωσα | δεδήλωκα | δεδήλωμαι | ἐδηλώθην |
SYNOPSIS OF τῑμά-ω honour
| Pres. Act. | Impf. Act. | Fut. Act. | Aor. Act. | Perf. Act. | Plup. Act. | |
| Ind. | τῑμῶ | ἐτί̄μων | τῑμήσω | ἐτί̄μησα | τετί̄μηκα | ἐτετῑμήκη |
| Sub. | τῑμῶ | τῑμήσω | τετῑμηκὼς ὦ | |||
| Opt. | τῑμῴην, -ῷμι | τῑμήσοιμι | τῑμήσαιμι | τετῑμηκὼς εἴην | ||
| Imp. | τί̄μᾱ | τί̄μησον | ||||
| Inf. | τῑμᾶν | τῑμήσειν | τῑμῆσαι | τετῑμηκέναι | ||
| Par. | τῑμῶν | τῑμήσων | τῑμήσᾱς | τετῑμηκώς | ||
| Mid. Pass. | Middle | Middle | Mid. Pass. | |||
| Ind. | τῑμῶμαι | ἐτῑμώμην | τῑμήσομαι | ἐτῑμησάμην | τετί̄μημαι | ἐτετῑμήμην |
| Sub. | τῑμῶμαι | τῑμήσωμαι | τετῑμημένος ὦ | |||
| Opt. | τῑμῴμην | τῑμησοίμην | τῑμησαίμην | τετῑμημένος εἴην | ||
| Imp. | τῑμῶ | τί̄μησαι | τετί̄μησο | |||
| Inf. | τῑμᾶσθαι | τῑμήσεσθαι | τῑμήσασθαι | τετῑμῆσθαι | ||
| Par. | τῑμώμενος | τῑμησόμενος | τῑμησάμενος | τετῑμημένος | ||
| Passive | Passive | Fut. Perf. Pass. | ||||
| Ind. | τῑμηθήσομαι | ἐτῑμήθην | τετῑμήσομαι | |||
| Sub. | τῑμηθῶ | |||||
| Opt. | τῑμηθησοίμην | τῑμηθείην | τετῑμησοίμην | |||
| Imp. | τῑμήθητι | |||||
| Inf. | τῑμηθήσεσθαι | τῑμηθῆναι | τετῑμήσεσθαι | |||
| Par. | τῑμηθησόμενος | τῑμηθείς | τετῑμησόμενος | |||
| Verbal adjectives: | τῑμητός, τῑμητέος |
SYNOPSIS OF θηρά-ω hunt
| Pres. Act. | Impf. Act. | Fut. Act. | Aor. Act. | Perf. Act. | Plup. Act. | |
| Ind. | θηρῶ | ἐθήρων | θηρά̄σω | ἐθήρᾱσα | τεθήρᾱκα | ἐτεθηρά̄κη |
| Sub. | θηρῶ | θηρά̄σω | τεθηρᾱκὼς ὦ | |||
| Opt. | θηρῴην, -ῷμι | θηρά̄σοιμι | θηρά̄σαιμι | τεθηρᾱκὼς εἴην | ||
| Imp. | θήρᾱ | θήρᾱσον | ||||
| Inf. | θηρᾶν | θηρά̄σειν | θηρᾶσαι | τεθηρᾱκέναι | ||
| Par. | θηρῶν | θηρά̄σων | θηρά̄σᾱς | τεθηρᾱκώς | ||
| Mid. Pass. | Middle | Middle | Mid. Pass. | |||
| Ind. | θηρῶμαι | ἐθηρώμην | θηρά̄σομαι | ἐθηρᾱσάμην | τεθήρᾱμαι | ἐτεθηρά̄μην |
| Sub. | θηρῶμαι | θηρά̄σωμαι | τεθηρᾱμένος ὦ | |||
| Opt. | θηρῴμην | θηρᾱσοίμην | θηρᾱσαίμην | τεθηρᾱμένος εἴην | ||
| Imp. | θηρῶ | θήρᾱσαι | τεθήρᾱσο | |||
| Inf. | θηρᾶσθαι | θηρά̄σεσθαι | θηρά̄σασθαι | τεθηρᾶσθαι | ||
| Par. | θηρώμενος | θηρᾱσόμενος | θηρᾱσάμενος | τεθηρᾱμένος | ||
| Passive (late) | Passive | |||||
| Ind. | [ θηρᾱθήσομαι ] | ἐθηρά̄θην | Verbal adjectives: | |||
| Sub. | θηρᾱθῶ | θηρᾱτός | ||||
| Opt. | [ θηρᾱθησοίμην ] | θηρᾱθείην | θηρᾱτέος | |||
| Imp. | θηρά̄θητι | |||||
| Inf. | [ θηρᾱθήσεσθαι ] | θηρᾱθῆναι | ||||
| Par. | [ θηρᾱθησόμενοσ ] | θηρᾱθείς |
SYNOPSIS OF ποιέ-ω make
| Pres. Act. | Impf. Act. | Fut. Act. | Aor. Act. | Perf. Act. | Plup. Act. | |
| Ind. | ποιῶ | ἐποίουν | ποιήσω | ἐποίησα | πεποίηκα | ἐπεποιήκη |
| Sub. | ποιῶ | ποιήσω | πεποιηκὼς ὦ | |||
| Opt. | ποιοίην, -οῖμι | ποιήσοιμι | ποιήσαιμι | πεποιηκὼς εἴην | ||
| Imp. | ποίει | ποίησον | ||||
| Inf. | ποιεῖν | ποιήσειν | ποιῆσαι | πεποιηκέναι | ||
| Par. | ποιῶν | ποιήσων | ποιήσᾱς | πεποιηκώς | ||
| Mid. Pass. | Middle | Middle | Mid. Pass. | |||
| Ind. | ποιοῦμαι | ἐποιούμην | ποιήσομαι | ἐποιησάμην | πεποίημαι | ἐπεποιήμην |
| Sub. | ποιῶμαι | ποιήσωμαι | πεποιημένος ὦ | |||
| Opt. | ποιοίμην | ποιησοίμην | ποιησαίμην | πεποιημένος εἴην | ||
| Imp. | ποιοῦ | ποίησαι | πεποίησο | |||
| Inf. | ποιεῖσθαι | ποιήσεσθαι | ποιήσασθαι | πεποιῆσθαι | ||
| Par. | ποιούμενος | ποιησόμενος | ποιησάμενος | πεποιημένος | ||
| Passive | Passive | Fut. Perf. Pass. | ||||
| Ind. | ποιηθήσομαι | ἐποιήθην | πεποιήσομαι | |||
| Sub. | ποιηθῶ | |||||
| Opt. | ποιηθησοίμην | ποιηθείην | πεποιησοίμην | |||
| Imp. | ποιήθητι | |||||
| Inf. | ποιηθήσεσθαι | ποιηθῆναι | πεποιήσεσθαι | |||
| Par. | ποιηθησόμενος | ποιηθείς | πεποιησόμενος | |||
| Verbal adjectives: | ποιητός, ποιητέος |
SYNOPSIS OF τελέ-ω complete
| Pres. Act. | Impf. Act. | Fut. Act. | Aor. Act. | Perf. Act. | Plup. Act. | |
| Ind. | τελῶ | ἐτέλουν | τελῶ ( τελέσω , 488) | ἐτέλεσα | τετέλεκα | ἐτετελέκη |
| Sub. | τελῶ | τελέσω | τετελεκὼς ὦ | |||
| Opt. | τελοίην, -οῖμι | τελοίην, -οῖμι | τελέσαιμι | τετελεκὼς εἴην | ||
| Imp. | τέλει | τέλεσον | ||||
| Inf. | τελεῖν | τελεῖν | τελέσαι | τετελεκέναι | ||
| Par. | τελῶν | τελῶν | τελέσᾱς | τετελεκώς | ||
| Mid. Pass. | Middle | Middle | Mid. Pass. | |||
| Ind. | τελοῦμαι | ἐτελούμην | τελοῠμαι | ἐτελεσάμην | τετέλεσμαι | ἐτετελέσμην |
| Sub. | τελῶμαι | τελέσωμαι | τετελεσμένος ὦ | |||
| Opt. | τελοίμην | τελοίμην | τελεσαίμην | τετελεσμένος εἴην | ||
| Imp. | τελοῦ | τέλεσαι | τετέλεσο | |||
| Inf. | τελεῖσθαι | τελεῖσθαι | τελέσασθαι | τετελέσθαι | ||
| Par. | τελούμενος | τελούμενος | τελεσάμενος | τετελεσμένος | ||
| Passive | Passive | |||||
| Ind. | τελεσθήσομαι | ἐτελέσθην | Verbal adjectives | |||
| Sub. | τελεσθῶ | τελεστός | ||||
| Opt. | τελεσθησοίμην | τελεσθείην | τελεστέος | |||
| Imp. | τελέσθητι | |||||
| Inf. | τελεσθήσεσθαι | τελεσθῆναι | ||||
| Par. | τελεσθησόμενος | τελεσθείς |
SYNOPSIS OF δηλό-ω manifest
| Pres. Act. | Impf. Act. | Fut. Act. | Aor. Act. | Perf. Act. | Plup. Act. | |
| Ind. | δηλῶ | ἐδήλουν | δηλώσω | ἐδήλωσα | δεδήλωκα | ἐδεδηλώκη |
| Sub. | δηλῶ | δηλώσω | δεδηλωκὼς ὦ | |||
| Opt. | δηλοίην, -οῖμι | δηλώσοιμι | δηλώσαιμι | δεδηλωκὼς εἴην | ||
| Imp. | δήλου | δήλωσον | ||||
| Inf. | δηλοῦν | δηλώσειν | δηλῶσαι | δεδηλωκέναι | ||
| Par. | δηλῶν | δηλώσων | δηλώσᾱς | δεδηλωκώς | ||
| Mid. Pass. | Middle | Middle | Mid. Pass. | |||
| Ind. | δηλοῦμαι | ἐδηλούμην | δηλώσομαι | δεδήλωμαι | ἐδεδηλώμην | |
| (as pass., 809) | ||||||
| Sub. | δηλῶμαι | δεδηλωμένος ὦ | ||||
| Opt. | δηλοίμην | δηλωσοίμην | δεδηλωμένος εἴην | |||
| Imp. | δηλοῦ | δεδήλωσο | ||||
| Inf. | δηλοῦσθαι | δηλώσεσθαι | δεδηλῶσθαι | |||
| Par. | δηλούμενος | δηλωσόμενος | δεδηλωμένος | |||
| Passive | Passive | Fut. Perf. Pass. | ||||
| Ind. | δηλωθήσομαι | ἐδηλώθην | δεδηλώσομαι | |||
| Sub. | δηλωθῶ | |||||
| Opt. | δηλωθησοίμην | δηλωθείην | δεδηλωσοίμην | |||
| Imp. | δηλώθητι | |||||
| Inf. | δηλωθήσεσθαι | δηλωθῆναι | δεδηλώσεσθαι | |||
| Par. | δηλωθησόμενος | δηλωθείς | δεδηλωσόμενος | |||
| Verbal adjectives: | δηλωτός, δηλωτέος |
REMARKS ON THE CONTRACTED VERBS
In the present optative active there are two forms: (1) that with the modal sign -ιη-, having -ν in the 1 sing., and -σαν in the 3 pl.; (2) that with the modal sign -ῑ-, having -μι in the 1 sing., and -εν in the 3 pl. The first form is more common in the singular, the second in the dual and plural.
τῑμῴην (rarely τῑμῷμι), τῑμῷτον (rarely τῑμῴητον), τῑμῷμεν (rarely τῑμῴημεν), ποιοίην (rarely ποιοῖμι), ποιοῖτον (rarely ποιοίητον), ποιοῖμεν (rarely ποιοίημεν), δηλοίην (rarely δηλοῖμι), δηλοῖτον (rarely δηλοίητον), δηλοῖμεν (rarely δηλοίημεν).
Ten verbs in -αω show η where we expect ᾱ. These are διψῶ thirst, ζῶ live, πεινῶ hunger, κνῶ scrape, νῶ spin (rare), σμῶ wash, χοῶ give oracles, χοῶ am eager for (rare), χρῶμαι use, and ψῶ rub. See 641,
ζῶ live and χρῶμαι use are inflected as follows in the present indicative, subjunctive and imperative and in the imperfect.
| Indic. and Subj. | Imperative | Imperfect | |||
| S. 1. ζῶ | χρῶμαι | ἔζων | ἐχρώμην | ||
| 2. ζῇς | χρῇ | ζῆ | χρῶ | ἔζης | ἐχρῶ |
| 3. ζῇ | χρῆται | ζήτω | χρήσθω | ἔζη | ἐχρῆτο |
| D. 2. ζῆτον | χρῆσθον | ζῆτον | χρῆσθον | ἐζῆτον | ἐχρῆσθον |
| 3. ζῆτον | χρῆσθον | ζήτων | χρήσθων | ἐζήτην | ἐχρήσθην |
| P. 1. ζῶμεν | χρῶμεθα | ἐζῶμεν | ἐχρώμεθα | ||
| 2. ζῆτε | χρῆσθε | ζῆτε | χρῆσθε | ἐζῆτε | ἐχρῆσθε |
| 3. ζῶσι | χρῶνται | ζώντων | χρήσθων | ἔζων | ἐχρῶντο |
| Infinitive: | ζῆν, χρῆσθαι | Participle: | ζῶν, χρώμενος |
καίω burn, κλαίω weep, do not contract the forms in which ι has disappeared (38). Thus, κά̄ω, κά̄εις, κά̄ει, κά̄ομεν, κά̄ετε, κά̄ουσι.
Verbs in -εω of two syllables do not contract ε with ο or ω. The present and imperfect indicative of πλέω sail are inflected as follows.
| πλέω | πλέομεν | ἔπλεον | ἐπλέομον | ||
| πλεῖς | πλεῖτον | πλεῖτε | ἔπλεις | ἐπλεῖτον | ἐπλεῖτε |
| πλεῖ | πλεῖτον | πλέουσι | ἔπλει | ἐπλείτην | ἔπλεον |
and so πλέω, πλέοιμι, πλεῖ, πλεῖν, πλέων, πλέουσα, πλέον. In like manner θέω run, πνέω breathe.
a. δέω need has δεῖς, δεῖ it is necessary, δέῃ, δέοι, δεῖν, τὸ δέον what is necessary; δέομαι want, request, has δέει, δεῖται, δεόμεθα, δέωμαι. But δέω bind is usually an exception, making δεῖς, δεῖ, δοῦμεν, ἔδουν bound, τὸ δοῦν that which binds, δοῦμαι, δοῦνται, but δεόμενον, δέον appear in some writers.
b. ξέω scrape contracts. βδέω, ξέω and τρέω have lost ς; πλέω, θέω, πνέω have lost [υγλιδε](ϝ); δέω need is for δευσω; δέω bind is for δε[ιγλιδε]ω.
Two verbs in -οω, ἱδρόω sweat, ῥῑγόω shiver, may have ω and ῳ instead of ον and οι. See 641.
Thus, indic. ῥῑγῶ, ῥῑγῷς, ῥῑγῷ (or ῥῑγοῖ), opt. ῥῑγῴην, inf. ῥῑγῶν (or ῥῑγοῦν), part. ῥῑγῶν. So ἱδρῶσι, opt. ἱδρώῃ (or ἱδροῑ), part. ἱδρῶν (or ἱδροῦν).
a. λούω wash, when it drops its υ (43), contracts like δηλόω. Thus, λούω, λούεις, λούει, but λοῦμεν (for λο([υγλιδε])ο-μεν), λοῦτε, λοῦσι; and so in other forms, as ἔλου, λοῦται, λοῦσθαι, λούμενος.
b. οἵομαι think (imperfect ᾠόμην) has the parallel forms οἶμαι (ᾤμην).
Movable ν is never (in Attic) added to the contracted 3 sing. imperfect (ἐποίει, not ἐποίειν).
I. (C) CONSONANT VERBS
400
Verbs whose stems end in a consonant are in general inflected like non-contracting ω-verbs in all tenses. The future active and middle of liquid and nasal verbs are inflected like contracted εω-verbs.
401
Liquid and Nasal Verbs: future active and middle of φαίνω show.
| Future Active | Future Middle | |||
| INDICATIVE. | S. 1. (φανέω) | φανῶ | (φανέομαι) | φανοῦμαι |
| 2. (φανέεισ) | φανεῖς | (φανέῃ or -έει) | φανῇ or -εῖ | |
| 3. (φανέει) | φανεῖ | (φανέεται) | φανεῖται | |
| D. 2. (φανέετον) | φανεῖτον | (φανέεσθον) | φανεῖσθον | |
| 3. (φανέετον) | φανεῖτον | (φανέεσθον) | φανεῖσθον | |
| P. 1. (φανέομεν) | φανοῦμεν | (φανεόμεθα) | φανούμεθα | |
| 2. (φανέετε) | φανεῖτε | (φανέεσθε) | φανεῖσθε | |
| 3. (φανέουσι) | φανοῦσι | (φανέονται) | φανοῦνται | |
| OPTATIVE. | S. 1. (φανεοίην) | φανοίην | (φανεοίμην) | φανοίμην |
| 2. (φανεοίησ) | φανοίης | (φανέοιο) | φανοῖο | |
| 3. (φανεοίη) | φανοίη | (φανέοιτο) | φανοῖτο | |
| D. 2. (φανέοιτον) | φανοῖτον | (φανέοισθον) | φανοῖσθον | |
| 3. (φανεοίτην) | φανοίτην | (φανεοίσθην) | φανοίσθην | |
| P. 1. (φανέοιμεν) | φανοῖμεν | (φανεοίμεθα) | φανοίμεθα | |
| 2. (φανέοιτε) | φανοῖτε | (φανέοισθε) | φανοῖσθε | |
| 3. (φανέοιεν) | φανοῖεν | (φανέοιντο) | φανοῖντο | |
| or | ||||
| S. 1. (φανέοιμι) | φανοῖμι | |||
| 2. (φανέοισ) | φανοῖς | |||
| 3. (φανέοι) | φανοῖ | |||
| D. 2. (φανέοιτον) | φανοῖτον | |||
| 3. (φανεοίτην) | φανοῖτην | |||
| P. 1. (φανέοιμεν) | φανοῖμεν | |||
| 2. (φανέοιτε) | φανοῖτε | |||
| 3. (φανέοιεν) | φανοῖεν | |||
| INFINITIVE. | (φανέειν) | φανεῖν | (φανέεσθαι) | φανεῖσθαι |
| PARTICIPLE. | (φανέων, φανέουσα, | φανῶν, φανοῦσα, | (φανεόμενος, | φανούμενος , |
| φανέον) | φανοῦν | -η, ῀ον) | -η, -ον | |
| (310) | (287) |
402
Liquid and Nasal Verbs: first aorist active and middle, second aorist and second future passive of φαίνω show.
| 1 Aorist Active | 1 Aorist Middle | 2 Aorist Passive | 2 Future Passive | |
| IND. | S. 1. ἔφηνα | ἐφηνάμην | ἐφάνην | φανήσομαι |
| 2. ἔφηνας | ἐφήνω | ἐφάνης | φανήσῃ, φανήσει | |
| 3. ἔφηνε | ἐφήνατο | ἐφάνη | φανήσεται | |
| D. 2. ἐφήνατον | ἐφήνασθον | ἐφάνητον | φανήσεσθον | |
| 3. ἐφηνάτην | ἐφηνάσθην | ἐφανήτην | φανήσεσθον | |
| P. 1. ἐφήναμεν | ἐφηνάμεθα | ἐφάνημεν | φανησόμεθα | |
| 2. ἐφήνατε | ἐφήνασθε | ἐφάνητε | φανήσεσθε | |
| 3. ἔφηναν | ἐφήναντο | ἐφάνησαν | φανήσονται | |
| SUBJ. | S. 1. φήνω | φήνωμαι | φανῶ | |
| 2. φήνῃς | φήνῃ | φανῇς | ||
| 3. φήνῃ | φήνηται | φανῇ | ||
| D. 2. φήνητον | φήνησθον | φανῆτον | ||
| 3. φήνητον | φήνησθον | φανῆτον | ||
| P. 1. φήνωμεν | φηνώμεθα | φανῶμεν | ||
| 2. φήνητε | φήνησθε | φανῆτε | ||
| 3. φήνωσι | φήνωνται | φανῶσι | ||
| OPT. | S. 1. φήναιμι | φηναίμην | φανείην | φανησοίμην |
| 2. φήναις or φήνειας (668) | φήναιο | φανείης | φανήσοιο | |
| 3. φήναι or φήνειε (668) | φήναιτο | φανείη | φανήσοιτο | |
| D. 2. φήναιτον | φήναισθον | φανεῖτον or | φανήσοισθον | |
| φανείητον | ||||
| 3. φηναίτην | φηναίσθην | φανείτην or | φανησοίσθην | |
| φανειήτην | ||||
| P. 1. φήναιμεν | φηναίμεθα | φανεῖμεν or | φανησοίμεθα | |
| φανείημεν | ||||
| 2. φήναιτε | φήναισθε | φανεῖτε or | φανήσοισθε | |
| φανείητε | ||||
| 3. φήναιεν or φήνειαν | φήναιντο | φανεῖεν or | φανήσοιντο | |
| (668) | φανείησαν | |||
| IMP. | S. 2. φῆνον | φῆναι | φάνηθι | |
| 3. φηνάτω | φηνάσθω | φανήτω | ||
| D. 2. φήνατον | φήνασθον | φάνητον | ||
| 3. φηνάτων | φηνάσθων | φανήτων | ||
| P. 2. φήνατε | φήνασθε | φάνητε | ||
| 3. φηνάντων | φηνάσθων | φανέντων | ||
| INF. | φῆναι | φήνασθαι | φανῆναι | φανήσεσθαι |
| PART. | φήνᾱς, -ᾱσα, φῆναν | φηνάμενος, -η, | φανείς , | φανησόμενος, -η, |
| (306) | -ον (287) | φανεῖσα , | -ον (287) | |
| φανέν (307) |
PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT MIDDLE (AND PASSIVE)
In the perfect and pluperfect middle (and passive) of stems ending in a consonant certain euphonic changes (409) occur upon the addition of the personal endings.
Several verbs with stems ending in a short vowel retain that vowel in the perfect (and in other tenses); such stems originally ended in ς; as τελέ-ω finish, from τέλος end (τελεσ-). This ς appears in the perfect middle stem (τετέλε-σ-μαι, τετέλε-σ-ται). In the second person singular and plural but one ς is found: τετέλε-σαι, τετέλε-σθε. By analogy some other verbs have a ς at the end of the verbal stem.
In the perfect and pluperfect middle the third person plural of stems ending in a consonant or of stems adding ς consists of the perfect middle participle with εἰσί are (in the perfect) and ἦσαν were (in the pluperfect).
Perfect and pluperfect middle and passive of λείπω (λειπ-) leave, γράφω (γραφ-) write, πείθω (πειθ-) persuade, πρά̄ττω (πρᾱγ-) do.
| S. 1. λέλειμμαι | γέγραμμαι | πέπεισμαι | πέπρᾱγμαι |
| 2. λέλειψαι | γέγραψαι | πέπεισαι | πέπρᾱξαι |
| 3. λέλειπται | γέγραπται | πέπεισται | πέπρᾱκται |
| D. 2. λέλειφθον | γέγραφθον | πέπεισθον | πέπρᾱχθον |
| 3. λέλειφθον | γέγραφθον | πέπεισθον | πέπρᾱχθον |
| P. 1. λελείμμεθα | γεγράμμεθα | πεπείσμεθα | πεπρά̄γμεθα |
| 2. λέλειφθε | γέγραφθε | πέπεισθε | πέπρᾱχθε |
| 3. λελειμμένοι εἰσί | γεγραμμένοι εἰσί | πεπεισμένοι εἰσί | πεπρᾱγμένοι εἰσί |
| S. 1. ἐλελείμμην | ἐγεγράμμην | ἐπεπείσμην | ἐπεπρά̄γμην |
| 2. ἐλέλειψο | ἐγέγραψο | ἐπέπεισο | ἐπέπρᾱξο |
| 3. ἐλέλειπτο | ἐγέγραπτο | ἐπέπειστο | ἐπέπρᾱκτο |
| D. 2. ἐλέλειφθον | ἐγέγραφθον | ἐπέπεισθον | ἐπέπρᾱχθον |
| 3. ἐλελείφθην | ἐγεγράφθην | ἐπεπείσθην | ἐπεπρά̄χθην |
| P. 1. ἐλελείμμεθα | ἐγεγράμμεθα | ἐπεπείσμεθα | ἐπεπρά̄γμεθα |
| 2. ἐλέλειφθε | ἐγέγραφθε | ἐπέπεισθε | ἐπέπρᾱχθε |
| 3. λελειμμένοι ἦσαν | γεγραμμένοι ἦσαν | πεπεισμένοι ἦσαν | πεπρᾱγμένοι ἦσαν |
| λελειμμένος ὦ | γεγραμμένος ὦ | πεπεισμένος ὦ | πεπρᾱγμένος ὦ |
| λελειμμένος εἴην | γεγραμμένος εἴην | πεπεισμένος εἴην | πεπρᾱγμένος εἶην |
| S. 2. λέλειψο | γέγραψο | πέπεισο | πέπρᾱξο |
| 3. λελείφθω | γεγράφθω | πεπείσθω | πεπρά̄χθω |
| D. 2. λέλειφθον | γέγραφθον | πέπεισθον | πέπρᾱχθον |
| 3. λελείφθων | γεγράφθων | πεπείσθων | πεπρά̄χθων |
| P. 2. λέλειφθε | γέγραφθε | πέπεισθε | πέπρᾱχθε |
| 3. λελείφθων | γεγράφθων | πεπείσθων | πεπρά̄χθων |
| λελεῖφθαι | γεγράφθαι | πεπεῖσθαι | πεπρᾶχθαι |
| λελειμμένος, -η, -ον | γεγραμμένος, -η, -ον | πεπεισμένος, -η, -ον | πεπρᾱγμένος, -η,-ον |
Perfect and pluperfect middle and passive of ἐλέγχω (ἐλεγχ-) confute, ἀγγέλλω (ἀγγελ-) announce, φαίνω (φαν-) show, τελέω (τελε-) finish.
| S. 1. ἐλήλεγμαι | ἤγγελμαι | πέφασμαι | τετέλε-σ-μαι |
| 2. ἐλήλεγξαι | ἤγγελσαι | ( πέφανσαι , 707 a) | τετέλε-σαι |
| 3. ἐλήλεγκται | ἤγγελται | πέφανται | τετέλε-σ-ται |
| D. 2. ἐλήλεγχθον | ἤγγελθον | πέφανθον | τετέλε-σθον |
| 3. ἐλήλεγχθον | ἤγγελθον | πέφανθον | τετέλε-σθον |
| P. 1. ἐληλέγμεθα | ἠγγέλμεθα | πεφάσμεθα | τετελέ-σ-μεθα |
| 2. ἐλήλεγχθε | ἤγγελθε | πέφανθε | τετέλε-σθε |
| 3. ἐληλεγμένοι εἰσί | ἠγγελμένοι εἰσί | πεφασμένοι εἰσί | τετελε-σ-μένοι εἰσί |
| S. 1. ἐληλέγμην | ἠγγέλμην | ἐπεφάσμην | ἐ-τετελέ-σ-μην |
| 2. ἐλήλεγξο | ἤγγελσο | ( ἐπέφανσο , 707 a) | ἐ-τετέλε-σο |
| 3. ἐλήλεγκτο | ἤγγελτο | ἐπέφαντο | ἐ-τετέλε-σ-το |
| D. 2. ἐλήλεγχθον | ἤγγελθον | ἐπέφανθον | ἐ-τετέλε-σθον |
| 3. ἐληλέγχθην | ἠγγέλθην | ἐπεφάνθην | ἐ-τετελέ-σθην |
| P. 1. ἐληλέγμεθα | ἠγγέλμεθα | ἐπεφάσμεθα | ἐ-τετελέ-σ-μεθα |
| 2. ἐλήλεγχθε | ἤγγελθε | ἐπέφανθε | ἐ-τετέλε-σθε |
| 3. ἐληλεγμένοι ἦσαν | ἠγγελμένοι ἦσαν | πεφασμένοι ἦσαν | τετελε-σ-μένοι ἦσαν |
| ἐληλεγμένος ὦ | ἠγγελμένος ὦ | πεφασμένος ὦ | τετελεσμένος ὦ |
| ἐληλεγμένος εἴην | ἠγγελμένος εἴην | πεφασμένος εἴην | τετελεσμένος εἴην |
| S. 2. ἐλήλεγξο | ἤγγελσο | ( πέφανσο , 712 a) | τετέλε-σο |
| 3. ἐληλέγχθω | ἠγγέλθω | πεφάνθω | τετελέ-σθω |
| D. 2. ἐλήλεγχθον | ἤγγελθον | πέφανθον | τετέλε-σθον |
| 3. ἐληλέγχθων | ἠγγέλθων | πεφάνθων | τετελέ-σθων |
| P. 2. ἐλήλεγχθε | ἤγγελθε | πέφανθε | τετέλε-σθε |
| 3. ἐληλέγχθων | ἠγγέλθων | πεφάνθων | τετελέ-σθων |
| ἐληλέγχθαι | ἠγγέλθαι | πεφάνθαι | τετελέ-σθαι |
| ἐληλεγμένος, -η, | ἠγγελμένος, -η, | πεφασμένος, -η, | τετελε-σ-μένος, -η, |
| -ον | -ον | -ον | -ον |
EXPLANATION OF THE PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT FORMS
The periphrastic third plural is used instead of the forms derived directly from the union of the stem with the ending.
Thus, γεγραμμένοι εἰσί is used for γεγραφ-νται which would become γεγράφαται by 35 b, ν between consonants passing into α. The periphrastic form is also used in verbs adding ς to their stems, as τετελε-σ-μένοι εἰσί for τετελε-σ-νται. Stems in ν that drop ν in the perfect system form their perfect and pluperfect regularly; thus, κρί̄νω (κριν-) judge has κέκρινται, ἐκέκριντο.
N.—On the retention of -αται, -ατο see 465 f.
Euphonic Changes.—For the euphonic changes in these forms see 82-87, 103.
a. Labial Stems.—λέλειμ-μαι is for λελειπ-μαι, λέλειφ-θον is for λελειπ-σθον, λέλειφθε is for λελειπ-σθε (103). In the same manner are inflected other labial stems, as τρί̄βω (τρῑβ-) rub, ῥί̄πτω (ῥῑπ-) throw: τέτρῑμ-μαι for τετρῑβ-μαι, τέτρῑψαι for τετρῑβ-σαι, etc. Stems ending in μπ drop π before μ, but retain it before other consonants. Thus,
| πεπεμπ-μαι | becomes | πέπεμμαι | πεπεμπ-μεθα | becomes | πεπέμμεθα |
| πεπεμπ-σαι | “ | πέπεμψαι | πεπεμπ-σθε | “ | πέπεμφθε (103) |
| πεπεμπ-ται | “ | πέπεμπται |
b. Dental Stems.—πέπεισ-ται is for πεπειθ-ται (83), πέπεισ-θον is for πεπειθθον (83), πέπεισθε is for πεπειθ-(σ)θε (83, 103). The ς thus produced was trans ferred to the first persons πέπεισμαι, πεπείσμεθα (86, 87). Like πέπεισμαι, etc., are formed and inflected ἔψευσμαι from ψεύδω (ψευδ-) deceive, πέφρασμαι from φράζω (φραδ-) declare, ἔσπεισμαι (100) from σπένδω (σπενδ-) pour a libation.
Hom. has the original forms πεφραδμένος, κεκορυθμένος.
c. Paltal Stems.—πέπρᾱξαι is for πεπρᾱγ-σαι (97), πέπρᾱκται is for πεπρᾱγται (82 a), πέπρᾱχθε is for πεπρᾱγ-σθε (103). Like πέπρᾱγμαι are inflected πλέκω (πλεκ-) weave πέπλεγ-μαι, ἄγω (ἀγ-) lead ἦγμαι, ἀλλάττω (ἀλλαγ-) exchange ἤλλαγμαι, ταράττω (ταραχ-) confuse τετάραγμαι. Stems in -γχ change χ before μ to γ and drop one γ (as in ἐλήλεγ-μαι for ἐληλεγγ-μαι, 85 and 85 b), but keep the second palatal before other consonants (as in ἐλήλεγξαι for ἐληλεγχ-σαι, 97; ἐλήλεγκ-ται for ἐληλεγχ-ται, 82). On the reduplication see 446.
d. Liquid and Nasal Stems.—Stems in λ or ρ are inflected like ἤγγελμαι, as στέλλω (στελ-, σταλ-) send ἔσταλμαι, αἴρω (ἀρ-) raise ἦρμαι, ἐγείρω (ἐγερ-) wake ἐγήγερμαι (446). Stems in ν retaining the nasal are inflected like πέφασμαι, as σημαίνω (σημαν-) signify σεσήμασμαι. (For -σμαι see 94 a and b.) Stems in ν dropping the nasal (559 a) are inflected like λέλυμαι, as κρί̄νω (κριν-) judge κέκριμαι.
e. Vowel Stems adding ς.—Here the stem ends in a vowel except before μ and τ; thus, τετέλε-σαι, τετέλε-σθον, τετέλε-σθε: but τετέλε-σ-μαι, τετελέ-σ-μεθα, τετέλε-σ-ται.
N.—Since the stem of τελέω is properly τελεσ- (τελεσ-[ιγλιδε]ω, 624), the original inflection is τετελεσ-σαι, whence τετέλε-σαι (107); τετέλεσ-ται; τετελεσ-σθον, τετελεσ-σθε, whence τετέλεσθον, τετέλεσθε (103). τετέλεσμαι and τετελέσμεθα are due to the analogy of the other forms.
The forms πέφανσαι, ἐπέφανσο, and πέφανσο are not attested. Cp. 707 a.
The principal parts of the verbs in 406-407 are as follows:
ἀγγέλλω announce ( ἀγγελ- ), ἀγγελῶ, ἤγγειλα, ἤγγελκα, ἤγγελμαι, ἠγγέλθην.
γράφω write ( γραφ- ), γράψω, ἔγραψα, γέγραφα, γέγραμμαι, 2 aor. pass. ἐγράφην .
ἐλέγχω confute ( ἐλεγχ- ), ἐλέγξω, ἤλεγξα, ἐλήλεγμαι, ἠλέγχθην.
λείπω leave (λιπ-, λειπ-, λοιπ-), λείψω , 2 perf. λέλοιπα, λέλειμμαι, ἐλείφθην, 2 a. ἔλιπον .
πείθω persuade (πιθ-, πειθ-, ποιθ-), πείσω, ἔπεισα, 1 perf. πέπεικα I have persuaded, 2 perf. πέποιθα I trust, πέπεισμαι, ἐπείσθην.
πρά̄ττω do ( πρᾱγ- ), πρά̄ξω, ἐπρᾱξα, 2 perf. πέπρᾱγα I have fared and I have done, πέπρᾱγμαι, ἐπρά̄χθην.
τελέω finish ( τελε-σ- ), τελῶ, ἐτέλεσα, τετέλεκα, τετέλεσμαι, ἐτελέσθην.
φαίνω show ( φαν- ), φανῶ, ἔφηνα, 1 perf. πέφαγκα I have shown, 2 perf. πέφηνα I have appeared, πέφασμαι, ἐφάνθην I was shown, 2 aor. pass. ἐφάνην I appeared.
CONJUGATION OF μι-VERBS
412
The conjugation of μι-verbs differs from that of ω-verbs only in the present, imperfect, and second aorist active and middle; and (rarely) in the second perfect. The μι forms are made by adding the endings directly to the tense-stem without any thematic vowel, except in the subjunctive of all verbs, and in the optative of verbs ending in -νῡμι.
413
Verbs having second aorists and second perfects of the μι form are, as a rule, ω-verbs, not μι-verbs, in the present. Thus, the second aorists: ἔβην (βαίνω go), ἔγνων (γιγνώσκω know); the second perfect: τέθναμεν (θνῄσκω die).
414
There are two main classes of μι-verbs.
A. The root class. This class commonly ends in -η-μι or -ω-μι (from stems in ε, α, or ο). The present stem is usually reduplicated, but may be the same as the verb-stem, which is a root.
| Verb-stem | Present Stem | Present |
| θε-, θη- | τιθε-, τιθη- (for θιθε, θιθη, 125 a) | τίθημι place |
| ἑ-, ἡ- | ἱ̄ε-, ἱ̄η- (for σισε, σιση) | ἵ̄ημι send |
| στα-, στη- | ἱστα-, ἱστη- (for σιστα, σιστη, 119) | ἵστημι set |
| δο-, δω- | διδο-, διδω- | δίδωμι give |
| φα-, φη- | φα-, φη- | φημί say |
B. The -νῡμι class. This class adds νυ (νῡ), after a vowel ννυ (ννῡ), to the verb-stem. In the subjunctive and optative regularly, and sometimes in the indicative, verbs in -νῡμι are inflected like verbs in -ω.
| Verb-stem | Present Stem | Present |
| δεικ- | δεικνυ-, δεικνῡ- | δείκνῡμι show |
| ζευγ- | ζευγνυ-, ζευγνῡ- | ζεύγνῡμι yoke |
| κερα- | κεραννυ-, κεραννῡ- | κεράννῡμι mix |
| ῥηγ- | ῥηγνυ-, ῥηγνῡ- | ῥήγνῡμι break |
| σβε- | σβεννυ-, σβεννῡ- | σβέννῡμι extinguish |
C. There are some (mostly poetic) verbs in -νημι, which add να-, νη- to form the present stem; as δάμ-νη-μι I subdue, δάμ-να-μεν we subdue.
415
All the possible μι forms do not occur in any single verb. τίθημι and δίδωμι are incomplete and irregular in the second aorist active; and ἔσβην went out from σβέννῡμι is the only second aorist formed from νῡμι-verbs. ἐπριάμην I bought, second aorist middle (from the stem πρια- with no present), is given in the paradigms in place of the missing form of ἵστημι; and ἔδῡν I entered from δύ̄ω (but formed as if from δῦμι) in place of a second aorist of the νῡμι-verbs.
416
(A) Root Class.—Inflection of τίθημι place, ἵστημι set, δίδωμι give, in the present, imperfect, and second aorist tenses; and of ἐπριάμην I bought.
| S. 1. τί-θη-μι | ἵ-στη-μι | δί-δω-μι |
| 2. τί-θη-ς | ἵ-στη-ς | δί-δω-ς |
| 3. τί-θη-σι | ἵ-στη-σι | δί-δω-σι |
| D. 2. τί-θε-τον | ἵ-στα-τον | δί-δο-τον |
| 3. τί-θε-τον | ἵ-στα-τον | δί-δο-τον |
| P. 1. τί-θε-μεν | ἵ-στα-μεν | δί-δο-μεν |
| 2. τί-θε-τε | ἵ-στα-τε | δί-δο-τε |
| 3. τι-θέ-ᾱσι | ἱ-στᾶσι | δι-δό-ᾱσι |
| S. 1. ἐ-τί-θη-ν | ἵ̄-στη-ν | ἐ-δί-δουν (746 b) |
| 2. ἐ-τί-θεις (746 b) | ἵ̄-στη-ς | ἐ-δί-δους |
| 3. ἐ-τί-θει | ἵ̄-στη | ἐ-δί-δου |
| D. 2. ἐ-τί-θε-τον | ἵ̄-στα-τον | ἐ-δί-δο-τον |
| 3. ἐ-τι-θέ-την | ἱ̄-στά-την | ἐ-δι-δό-την |
| P. 1. ἐ-τί-θε-μεν | ἵ̄-στα-μεν | ἐ-δί-δο-μεν |
| 2. ἐ-τί-θε-τε | ἵ̄-στα-τε | ἐ-δί-δο-τε |
| 3. ἐ-τί-θε-σαν | ἵ̄-στα-σαν | ἐ-δί-δο-σαν |
| S. 1. τι-θῶ | ἱ-στῶ | δι-δῶ |
| 2. τι-θῇ-ς | ἱ-στῇ-ς | δι-δῷ-ς |
| 3. τι-θῇ | ἱ-στῇ | δι-δῷ |
| D. 2. τι-θῆ-τον | ἱ-στῆ-τον | δι-δῶ-τον |
| 3. τι-θῆ-τον | ἱ-στῆ-τον | δι-δῶ-τον |
| P. 1. τι-θῶ-μεν | ἱ-στῶ-μεν | δι-δῶ-μεν |
| 2. τι-θῆ-τε | ἱ-στῆ-τε | δι-δῶ-τε |
| 3. τι-θῶ-σι | ἱ-στῶ-σι | δι-δῶ-σι |
| S. 1. τι-θείη-ν | ἱ-σταίη-ν | δι-δοίη-ν |
| 2. τι-θείη-ς | ἱ-σταίη-ς | δι-δοίη-ς |
| 3. τι-θείη | ἱ-σταίη | δι-δοίη |
| D. 2. τι-θεῖ-τον | ἱ-σταῖ-τον | δι-δοῖ-τον |
| 3. τι-θεί-την | ἱ-σταί-την | δι-δοί-την |
| P. 1. τι-θεῖ-μεν | ἱ-σταῖ-μεν | δι-δοῖ-μεν |
| 2. τι-θεῖ-τε | ἱ-σταῖ-τε | δι-δοῖ-τε |
| 3. τι-θεῖε-ν | ἱ-σταῖε-ν | δι-δοῖε-ν |
| S. 2. τί-θει (746 b) | ἵ-στη | δί-δου |
| 3. τι-θέ-τω | ἱ-στά-τω | δι-δό-τω |
| D. 2. τί-θε-τον | ἵ-στα-τον | δί-δο-τον |
| 3. τι-θέ-των | ἱ-στά-των | δι-δό-των |
| P. 2. τί-θε-τε | ἵ-στα-τε | δί-δο-τε |
| 3. τι-θέ-ντων | ἱ-στά-ντων | δι-δό-ντων |
| τι-θέ-ναι | ἱ-στά-ναι | δι-δό-ναι |
| S. 1. τί-θε-μαι | ἵ-στα-μαι | δί-δο-μαι (747 f) |
| 2. τί-θε-σαι | ἵ-στα-σαι | δί-δο-σαι |
| 3. τί-θε-ται | ἵ-στα-ται | δί-δο-ται |
| D. 2. τί-θε-σθον | ἵ-στα-σθον | δί-δο-σθον |
| 3. τί-θε-σθον | ἵ-στα-σθον | δί-δο-σθον |
| P. 1. τι-θέ-μεθα | ἱ-στά-μεθα | δι-δό-μεθα |
| 2. τί-θε-σθε | ἵ-στα-σθε | δί-δο-σθε |
| 3. τί-θε-νται | ἵ-στα-νται | δί-δο-νται |
| S. 1. ἐ-τι-θέ-μην | ἱ̄-στά-μην | ἐ-δι-δό-μην (747 f) |
| 2. ἐ-τί-θε-σο | ἵ̄-στα-σο | ἐ-δί-δο-σο |
| 3. ἐ-τί-θε-το | ἵ̄-στα-το | ἐ-δί-δο-το |
| D. 2. ἐ-τί-θε-σθον | ἵ̄-στα-σθον | ἐ-δί-δο-σθον |
| 3. ἐ-τι-θέ-σθην | ἱ̄-στά-σθην | ἐ-δι-δό-σθην |
| P. 1. ἐ-τι-θέ-μεθα | ἱ̄-στά-μεθα | ἐ-δι-δό-μεθα |
| 2. ἐ-τί-θε-σθε | ἵ̄-στα-σθε | ἐ-δί-δο-σθε |
| 3. ἐ-τί-θε-ντο | ἵ̄-στα-ντο | ἐ-δί-δο-ντο |
| S. 1. τι-θῶ-μαι | ἱ-στῶ-μαι | δι-δῶ-μαι |
| 2. τι-θῇ | ἱ-στῇ | δι-δῷ |
| 3. τι-θῆ-ται | ἱ-στῆ-ται | δι-δῶ-ται |
| D. 2. τι-θῆ-σθον | ἱ-στῆ-σθον | δι-δῶ-σθον |
| 3. τι-θῆ-σθον | ἱ-στῆ-σθον | δι-δῶ-σθον |
| P. 1. τι-θώ-μεθα | ἱ-στώ-μεθα | δι-δώ-μεθα |
| 2. τι-θῆ-σθε | ἱ-στῆ-σθε | δι-δῶ-σθε |
| 3. τι-θῶ-νται | ἱ-στῶ-νται | δι-δῶ-νται |
| S. 1. τι-θεί-μην | ἱ-σταί-μην | δι-δοί-μην |
| 2. τι-θεῖ-ο | ἱ-σταῖ-ο | δι-δοῖ-ο |
| 3. τι-θεῖ-το | ἱ-σταῖ-το | δι-δοῖ-το |
| D. 2. τι-θεῖ-σθον | ἱ-σταῖ-σθον | δι-δοῖ-σθον |
| 3. τι-θεί-σθην | ἱ-σταί-σθην | δι-δοί-σθην |
| P. 1. τι-θεί-μεθα | ἱ-σταί-μεθα | δι-δοί-μεθα |
| 2. τι-θεῖ-σθε | ἱ-σταῖ-σθε | δι-δοῖ-σθε |
| 3. τι-θεῖ-ντο | ἱ-σταῖ-ντο | δι-δοῖ-ντο |
| or | ||
| S. 1. τι-θεί-μην | ||
| 2. τι-θεῖ-ο | ||
| 3. τι-θοῖ-το (746 c) | ||
| D. 2. τι-θοῖ-σθον | ||
| 3. τι-θοί-σθην | ||
| P. 1. τι-θοί-μεθα | ||
| 2. τι-θοῖ-σθε | ||
| 3. τι-θοῖ-ντο |
| S. 2. τί-θε-σο | ἵ-στα-σο | δί-δο-σο |
| 3. τι-θέ-σθω | ἱ-στά-σθω | δι-δό-σθω |
| D. 2. τί-θε-σθον | ἵ-στα-σθον | δί-δο-σθον |
| 3. τι-θέ-σθων | ἱ-στά-σθων | δι-δό-σθων |
| P. 2. τί-θε-σθε | ἵ-στα-σθε | δί-δο-σθε |
| 3. τι-θέ-σθων | ἱ-στά-σθων | δι-δό-σθων |
| τί-θε-σθαι | ἵ-στα-σθαι | δί-δο-σθαι |
| τι-θέ-μενος | ἱ-στά-μενος | δι-δό-μενος |
| Active | Middle | Active | Middle | Active | Middle |
| S. 1. ( ἔθηκα , 755) | ἐ-θέ-μην | ἔ-στη-ν stood | ἐπριάμην (415) | ( ἔδωκα , 755) | ἐ-δό-μην |
| (756 b) | |||||
| 2. ( ἔθηκασ ) | ἔ-θου | ἔ-στη-ς | ἐπρίω | ( ἔδωκασ ) | ἔ-δου |
| 3. ( ἔθηκε ) | ἔ-θε-το | ἔ-στη | ἐπρίατο | ( ἔδωκε ) | ἔ-δο-το |
| D. 2. ἔ-θε-τον | ἔ-θε-σθον | ἔ-στη-τον | ἐ-πρία-σθον | ἔ-δο-τον | ἔ-δο-σθον |
| 3. ἐ-θέ-την | ἐ-θέ-σθην | ἐ-στή-την | ἐ-πριά-σθην | ἐ-δό-την | ἐ-δό-σθην |
| P. 1. ἔ-θε-μεν | ἐ-θέ-μεθα | ἔ-στη-μεν | ἐ-πριά-μεθα | ἔ-δο-μεν | ἐ-δό-μεθα |
| 2. ἔ-θε-τε | ἔ-θε-σθε | ἔ-στη-τε | ἐ-πρία-σθε | ἔ-δο-τε | ἔ-δο-σθε |
| 3. ἔ-θε-σαν | ἔ-θε-ντο | ἔ-στη-σαν | ἐ-πρία-ντο | ἔ-δο-σαν | ἔ-δο-ντο |
| S. 1. θῶ | θῶ-μαι | στῶ | πρίω-μαι (424, N.2) | δῶ | δῶ-μαι |
| 2. θῇ-ς | θῇ | στῇ-ς | πρίῃ | δῷ-ς | δῷ |
| 3. θῇ | θῆ-ται | στῇ | πρίη-ται | δῷ | δῶ-ται |
| D. 2. θῆ-τον | θῆ-σθον | στῆ-τον | πρίη-σθον | δῶ-τον | δῶ-σθον |
| 3. θῆ-τον | θῆ-σθον | στῆ-τον | πρίη-σθον | δῶ-τον | δῶ-σθον |
| P. 1. θῶ-μεν | θώ-μεθα | στῶ-μεν | πριώ-μεθα | δῶ-μεν | δώ-μεθα |
| 2. θῆ-τε | θῆ-σθε | στῆ-τε | πρίη-σθε | δῶ-τε | δῶ-σθε |
| 3. θῶ-σι | θῶ-νται | στῶ-σι | πρίω-νται | δῶ-σι | δῶ-νται |
| S. 1. θείη-ν | θεί-μην | σταίη-ν | πριαί-μην | δοίη-ν | δοί-μην |
| 2. θείη-ς | θεῖ-ο | σταίη-ς | πρίαι-ο (424, N.2) | δοίη-ς | δοῖ-ο |
| 3. θείη | θεῖ-το, θοῖ-το | σταίη | πρίαι-το | δοίη | δοῖ-το |
| D. 2. θεῖ-τον | θεῖ-σθον | σταῖ-τον | πρίαι-σθον | δοῖ-τον | δοῖ-σθον |
| 3. θεί-την | θεί-σθην | σταί-την | πριαί-σθην | δοί-την | δοί-σθην |
| P. 1. θεῖ-μεν | θεί-μεθα | σταῖ-μεν | πριαί-μεθα | δοῖ-μεν | δοί-μεθα |
| 2. θεῖ-τε | θεῖ-σθε | σταῖ-τε | πρίαι-σθε | δοῖ-τε | δοῖ-σθε |
| 3. θεῖε-ν | θεῖ-ντο | σταῖε-ν | πρίαι-ντο | δοῖε-ν | δοῖ-ντο |
| or (758) | or (746 c) | or (758) | or (758) | ||
| D. 2. θείη-τον | σταίη-τον | δοίη-τον | |||
| 3. θειή-την | σταιή-την | δοιή-την | |||
| P. 1. θείη-μεν | θοίμεθα | σταίη-μεν | δοίη-μεν | ||
| 2. θείη-τε | θοῖσθε | σταίη-τε | δοίη-τε | ||
| 3. θείη-σαν | θοῖντο | σταίη-σαν | δοίη-σαν |
| S. 2. θέ-ς | θοῦ | στῆ-θι | πρίω | δό-ς | δοῦ |
| 3. θέ-τω | θέ-σθω | στή-τω | πριά-σθω | δό-τω | δό-σθω |
| D. 2. θέ-τον | θέ-σθον | στῆ-τον | πρία-σθον | δό-τον | δό-σθον |
| 3. θέ-των | θέ-σθων | στή-των | πριά-σθων | δό-των | δό-σθων |
| P. 2. θέ-τε | θέ-σθε | στῆ-τε | πρία-σθε | δό-τε | δό-σθε |
| 3. θέ-ντων | θέ-σθων | στά-ντων | πριά-σθων | δό-ντων | δό-σθων |
| θεῖ-ναι | θέ-σθαι | στῆ-ναι | πρία-σθαι | δοῦ-ναι | δό-σθαι |
SECOND PERFECT OF μι- VERBS
A few verbs of the μι class have a second perfect and pluperfect. Only the dual and plural occur; for the singular, the first perfect and pluperfect are used. The second perfect and pluperfect of ἵστημι are inflected as follows:
| Indicative | Subjunctive | Optative | Imperative |
| S. 1. ( ἕστηκα ) stand | ἑ-στῶ | ἑ-σταίη-ν (poetic) | |
| 2. ( ἕστηκασ ) | ἑ-στῇ-ς | ἑ-σταίη-ς | ἕ-στα-θι (poetic) |
| 3. ( ἕστηκε ) | ἑ-στῇ | ἑ-σταίη | ἑ-στά-τω |
| D. 2. ἕ-στα-τον | ἑ-στῆ-τον | ἑ-σταῖ-τον or -αίητον (461 b) | ἕ-στα-τον |
| 3. ἕ-στα-τον | ἑ-στῆ-τον | ἑ-σταί-την or -αιήτην | ἑ-στά-των |
| P. 1. ἕ-στα-μεν | ἑ-στῶ-μεν | ἑ-σταῖ-μεν or -αίημεν | |
| 2. ἕ-στα-τε | ἑ-στῆ-τε | ἑ-σταῖ-τε or -αίητε | ἕ-στα-τε |
| 3. ἑ-στᾶσι | ἑ-στῶ-σι | ἑ-σταῖε-ν or -αίησαν | ἑ-στά-ντων |
| INFINITIVE | ἑ-στά-ναι | PARTICIPLE | ἑ-στώ-ς, ἑ-στῶσα, ἑ-στός (309 a) |
| S. 1. ( εἱστήκη ) stood | D. 2. ἕ-στα-τον | P. 1. ἕ-στα-μεν |
| 2. ( εἱστήκησ ) | 3. ἑ-στά-την | 2. ἕ-στα-τε |
| 3. ( εἱστήκει ) | 3. ἕ-στα-σαν |
For a list of second perfects of the μι form, see 704-705.
(B) -νῡμι Class.—Inflection of the present system of δείκνύμι show and of the second aorist ἔδῡν entered.
| ACTIVE | MIDDLE AND PASSIVE | ACTIVE | ||
| Present | Imperfect | Present | Imperfect | 2 Aorist |
| S. 1. δείκ-νῡ-μι (746 a) | ἐ-δείκ-νῡ-ν (746 a) | δείκ-νυ-μαι | ἐ-δεικ-νύ-μην | ἔ-δῡ-ν (415) |
| 2. δείκ-νῡ-ς | ἐ-δείκ-νῡ-ς | δείκ-νυ-σαι | ἐ-δείκ-νυ-σο | ἔ-δῡ-ς |
| 3. δείκ-νῡ-σι | ἐ-δείκ-νῡ | δείκ-νυ-ται | ἐ-δείκ-νυ-το | ἔ-δῡ |
| D. 2. δείκ-νυ-τον | ἐ-δείκ-νυ-τον | δείκ-νυ-σθον | ἐ-δείκ-νυ-σθον | ἔ-δῡ-τον |
| 3. δείκ-νυ-τον | ἐ-δεικ-νύ-την | δείκ-νυ-σθον | ἐ-δεικ-νύ-σθην | ἐ-δύ̄-την |
| P. 1. δείκ-νυ-μεν | ἐ-δείκ-νυ-μεν | δεικ-νύ-μεθα | ἐ-δεικ-νύ-μεθα | ἔ-δῡ-μεν |
| 2. δείκ-νυ-τε | ἐ-δείκ-νυ-τε | δείκ-νυ-σθε | ἐ-δείκ-νυ-σθε | ἔ-δῡ-τε |
| 3. δεικ-νύ-ᾱσι | ἐ-δείκ-νυ-σαν | δείκ-νυ-νται | ἐ-δείκ-νυ-ντο | ἔ-δῡ-σαν |
| S. 1. δεικνύω | δεικνύωμαι | δύω |
| 2. δεικνύῃς | δεικνύῃ | δύῃς |
| 3. δεικνύῃ | δεικνύηται | δύῃ |
| D. 2. δεικνύητον | δεικνύησθον | δύητον |
| 3. δεικνύητον | δεικνύησθον | δύητον |
| P. 1. δεικνύωμεν | δεικνυώμεθα | δύωμεν |
| 2. δεικνύητε | δεικνύησθε | δύητε |
| 3. δεικνύωσι | δεικνύωνται | δύωσι |
| S. 1. δεικνύοιμι | δεικνυοίμην |
| 2. δεικνύοις | δεικνύοιο |
| 3. δεικνύοι | δεικνύοιτο |
| D. 2. δεικνύοιτον | δεικνύοισθον |
| 3. δεικνυοίτην | δεικνυοίσθην |
| P. 1. δεικνύοιμεν | δεικνυοίμεθα |
| 2. δεικνύοιτε | δεικνύοισθε |
| 3. δεικνύοιεν | δεικνύοιντο |
| S. 2. δείκ-νῡ (746 a) | δείκ-νυ-σο | δῦ-θι |
| 3. δεικ-νύ-τω | δεικ-νύ-σθω | δύ̄-τω |
| D. 2. δείκ-νυ-τον | δείκ-νυ-σθον | δῦ-τον |
| 3. δεικνύ-των | δεικ-νύ-σθων | δύ̄-των |
| P. 2. δείκ-νυ-τε | δείκ-νυ-σθε | δῦ-τε |
| 3. δεικ-νύ-ντων | δεικ-νύ-σθων | δύ̄-ντων |
| δεικ-νύ-ναι (746 a) | δείκ-νυ-σθαι | δῦ-ναι |
| Pres. Act. | Impf. Act. | Fut. Act. | Aor. Act. | 1 Perf. Act. | 1 Plup. Act. | |
| Ind. | τίθημι | ἐτίθην | θήσω | ἔθηκα | τέθηκα | ἐτεθήκη |
| Sub. | τιθῶ | θῶ | τεθηκὼς ὦ | |||
| Opt. | τιθείην | θήσοιμι | θείην | τεθηκὼς εἴην | ||
| Imp. | τίθει | θές | ||||
| Inf. | τιθέναι | θήσειν | θεῖναι | τεθηκέναι | ||
| Par. | τιθείς | θήσων | θείς | τεθηκώς | ||
| Pres. M. P. | Impf. M. P. | Fut. Mid. | 2 Aor. Mid. | Perf. M. P. | Plup. M. P. | |
| Ind. | τίθεμαι | ἐτιθέμην | θήσομαι | ἐθέμην | τέθειμαι | ἐτεθείμην |
| Sub. | τιθῶμαι | θῶμαι | τεθειμένος ὦ | |||
| Opt. | τιθείμην | θησοίμην | θείμην | τεθειμένοσεἴην | ||
| Imp. | τίθεσο | θοῦ | τέθεισο | |||
| Inf. | τίθεσθαι | θήσεσθαι | θέσθαι | τεθεῖσθαι | ||
| Par. | τιθέμενος | θησόμενος | θέμενος | τεθειμένος | ||
| 1 Fut. Pass. | 1 Aor. Pass. | |||||
| Ind. | τεθήσομαι | ἐτέθην | ||||
| Sub. | τεθῶ | |||||
| Opt. | τεθησοίμην | τεθείην | ||||
| Imp. | τέθητι | |||||
| Inf. | τεθήσεσθαι | τεθῆναι | ||||
| Par. | τεθησόμενος | τεθείς | ||||
| Verbal adjectives: | θετός, θετέος. |
| Pres. Impf. Act. | Fut. Act. | 1 Aor. Act. | 2 Aor. Act. | Perf. Plup. Act. | |
| Ind. | ἵστημι set | στήσω shall set | ἕστηκα stand | ||
| ἵστην | ἔστησα set | ἔστην stood | εἱστήκη stood | ||
| Sub. | ἱστῶ | στήσω | στῶ | ἑστήκω, ἑστῶ | |
| Opt. | ἱσταίην | στήσοιμι | στήσαιμι | σταίην | ἑστήκοιμι, ἑσταίην |
| Imp. | ἵστη | στῆσον | στῆθι | ἕσταθι | |
| Inf. | ἱστάναι | στήσειν | στῆσαι | στῆναι | ἑστηκέναι, ἑστάναι |
| Par. | ἱστά̄ς | στήσων | στήσᾱς | στά̄ς | ἑστηκώς, ἑστώς |
| Pres. Impf. M. P. | Fut. Mid. | 1 Aor. Mid. | Fut. Perf. Act. | |
| Ind. | ἵσταμαι stand | στήσομαι (intrans.) | ἑστήξω shall stand | |
| ἱ̄στάμην | ἐστησάμην (trans.) | |||
| Sub. | ἱστῶμαι | στήσωμαι | ||
| Opt. | ἱσταίμην | στησοίμην | στησαίμην | ἑστήξοιμι |
| Imp. | ἵστασο | στῆσαι | ||
| Inf. | ἵστασθαι | στήσεσθαι | στήσασθαι | ἑστήξειν |
| Par. | ἱστάμενος | στησόμενος | στησάμενος | ἑστήξων |
| 1 Fut. Pass. | 1 Aor. Pass. | |||
| Ind. | σταθήσομαι shall be | ἐστάθην was set | ||
| Sub. | set up | σταθῶ | ||
| Opt. | σταθησοίμην | σταθείην | ||
| Imp. | στάθητι | |||
| Inf. | σταθήσεσθαι | σταθῆναι | ||
| Par. | σταθησόμενος | σταθείς | ||
| Verbal adjectives: | στατός, στατέος. |
| Pres. Act. | Impf. Act. | Fut. Act. | Aor. Act. | 1 Perf. Act. | 1 Plup. Act. | |
| Ind. | δίδωμι | ἐδίδουν | δώσω | ἔδωκα | δέδωκα | ἐδεδώκη |
| Sub. | διδῶ | δῶ | δεδωκὼς ὦ | |||
| Opt. | διδοίην | δώσοιμι | δοίην | δεδωκὼς εἴην | ||
| Imp. | δίδου | δός | ||||
| Inf. | διδόναι | δώσειν | δοῦναι | δεδωκέναι | ||
| Par. | διδούς | δώσων | δούς | δεδωκώς | ||
| Pres. M. P. | Impf. M. P. | Fut. Mid. | 2 Aor. Mid. | Perf. M. P. | Plup. M. P. | |
| Ind. | δίδομαι | ἐδιδόμην | δώσομαι | ἐδόμην | δέδομαι | ἐδεδόμην |
| Sub. | διδῶμαι | δῶμαι | δεδομένος ὦ | |||
| Opt. | διδοίμην | δωσοίμην | δοίμην | δεδομένος εἴην | ||
| Imp. | δίδοσο | δοῦ | δέδοσο | |||
| Inf. | δίδοσθαι | δώσεσθαι | δόσθαι | δεδόσθαι | ||
| Par. | διδόμενος | δωσόμενος | δόμενος | δεδομένος | ||
| 1 Fut. Pass. | 1 Aor. Pass. | |||||
| Ind. | δοθήσομαι | ἐδόθην | ||||
| Sub. | δοθῶ | |||||
| Opt. | δοθείην | |||||
| Imp. | δοθησοίμην | δόθητι | ||||
| Inf. | δοθήσεσθαι | δοθῆναι | ||||
| Par. | δοθησόμενος | δοθείς | ||||
| Verbal adjectives: | δοτός, δοτέος |
| Pres. Act. | Impf. Act. | Fut. Act. | 1 Aor. Act. | 1 Perf. Act. | 1 Plup. Act. | |
| Ind. | δείκνῡμι | ἐδείκνῡν | δείξω | ἔδειξα | δέδειχα | ἐδεδείχη |
| Sub. | δεικνύω | δείξω | δεδειχὼς ὦ | |||
| Opt. | δεικνύοιμι | δείξοιμι | δείξαιμι | δεδειχὼς εἴην | ||
| Imp. | δείκνῡ | δεῖξον | ||||
| Inf. | δεικνύναι | δείξειν | δεῖξαι | δεδειχέναι | ||
| Par. | δεικνύ̄ς | δείξων | δείξᾱς | δεδειχώς | ||
| Pres. M. P. | Impf. M. P. | Fut. Mid. | 1 Aor. Mid. | Perf. Mid. | Plup. Mid. | |
| Ind. | δείκνυμαι | ἐδεικνύμην | δείξομαι | ἐδειξάμην | δέδειγμαι | ἐδεδείγμην |
| Sub. | δεικνύωμαι | δείξωμαι | δεδειγμένος ὦ | |||
| Opt. | δεικνυοίμην | δειξοίμην | δειξαίμην | δεδειγμένος εἴην | ||
| Imp. | δείκνυσο | δεῖξαι | δέδειξο | |||
| Inf. | δείκνυσθαι | δείξεσθαι | δείξασθαι | δεδεῖχθαι | ||
| Par. | δεικνύμενος | δειξόμενος | δειξάμενος | δεδειγμένος | ||
| Fut. Pass. | 1 Aor. Pass. | |||||
| Ind. | δειχθήσομαι | ἐδείχθην | ||||
| Sub. | δειχθῶ | |||||
| Opt. | δειχθησοίμην | δειχθείην | ||||
| Imp. | δείχθητι | |||||
| Inf. | δειχθήσεσθαι | δειχθῆναι | ||||
| Par. | δειχθησόμενος | δειχθείς | ||||
| Verbal adjectives: | δεικτός, δεικτέος |
ACCENT
423
Simple or compound verbs usually throw the accent as far back as the quantity of the last syllable permits (recessive accent, 159).
λύ̄ω, λύ̄ομεν, ἐλῡόμην; παιδεύω, παιδεύουσι, ἐπαιδευέτην; ἀποβάλλω, ἀπόβαλλε; ἀπολύ̄ω, ἀπέλῡον; ἄπειμι, σύνεσμεν, σύμφημι, πάρεστι.
424
To this general rule there are exceptions.
a. Enclitics.—All the forms of φημί say, and εἰμί am, except φῄς and εἶ.
b. Imperatives.—(1) The second person sing. of the second aorist active imperative of five verbs is oxytone: εἰπέ say, ἐλθέ come, εὑρέ find, ἰδέ see, λαβέ take. Their plurals are accented εἰπέτε, ἐλθέτε, etc.; compounds have recessive accent: κάτειπε, ἄπελθε, ἔφευρε, παράλαβε.
(2) The second aorist middle (2 sing.) is perispomenon, as λαβοῦ, παραβαλοῦ, καθελοῦ.
c. Contracted verbs are only apparent exceptions: thus, e.g., τῑμᾷ for τῑμάει, δηλοῦσι for δηλόουσι, φιλεῖν for φιλέειν. So the subjunctive of the first and second aorist passive λυθῶ for λυθέω, φανῶ for φανέω; the optatives λυθεῖμεν from λυθέ-ῑ-μεν, διδοῖμεν from διδό-ῑ-μεν; the futures φανῶ for φανέω, φανοῖμι for φανέοιμι, φανεῖν for φανέειν, φανῶν for φανέων; λιπεῖν for λιπέεν; and the present and second aorist active and middle subjunctive of most μι-verbs, as τιθῶ for τιθέω, ἱστῶμαι, θῶμαι, perf. κεκτῶμαι. On διδοῦσι, τιθεῖσι, see 463 d.
N. 1.—In athematic optatives the accent does not recede beyond the diphthong containing -ῑ-, the sign of the optative mood: ἱσταῖο, ἱσταῖμεν, ἱσταῖτο, διδοῖτο; and so in λυθεῖμεν, λυθεῖεν.
N. 2.—δύναμαι am able, ἐπίσταμαι understand, κρέμαμαι hang, ὀνίνημι profit, and ἐπριάμην bought (749 b, 750 b, 757 a) have recessive accent in the subjunctive and optative (δύνωμαι, ἐπίστωμαι, δύναιτο, κρέμαιτο).
d. Poetic forms sometimes fail to follow the rule, as ἐών being.
425
Infinitives, participles, and verbal adjectives are verbal nouns (358), and hence do not regularly show recessive accent.
a. Infinitives.—The following infinitives accent the penult: all infinitives in -ναι, as λελυκέναι, λυθῆναι, ἱστάναι, στῆναι (except Epic -μεναι, as στήμεναι); in verbs in ω the first aorist active, as λῦσαι, παιδεῦσαι, the second aorist middle, as λιπέσθαι, the perfect (middle) passive, as λελύσθαι, πεπαιδεῦσθαι, πεποιῆσθαι.
425 a. D
The 2. aor. mid. inf. in Hom. is recessive in ἀγέρεσθαι (ἀγείρω assemble); so the perf. ἀλάλησθαι (ἀλάομαι wander), ἀκάχησθαι (ἄχνυμαι am distressed).
N.—The present inf. of contracted verbs and the second aorist active inf. of ω-verbs have the perispomenon by 424 c.
b. Participles.—(1) Oxytone: the masculine and neuter sing. of the second aorist active, as λιπών, λιπόν; and of all participles of the third declension ending in -ς in the masculine (except the first aorist active), as λυθείς λυθέν, λελυκώς λελυκός, ἑστώς ἑστός, τιθείς τιθέν, διδούς διδόν, ἱστά̄ς ἱστάν, δεικνύ̄ς δεικνύν (but λύ̄σᾱς, ποιήσᾱς). Also ἰών going from εἶμι.
(2) Paroxytone: the perfect middle (passive): λελυμένος.
N.—Participles are accented like adjectives, not like verbs. The fem. and neuter nom. accent the same syllable as the masc. nom. if the quantity of the ultima permits, thus παιδεύων, παιδεύουσα, παιδεῦον (not παίδευον); ποιήσᾱς, ποιήσᾱσα, ποιῆσαν (not ποίησαν); φιλῶν, φιλοῦσα, φιλοῦν (from φιλέον).
425 b (2) D
But Hom. has ἀλαλήμενος (ἀλάομαι wander), ἀκαχήμενος or ἀκηχέμενος (ἄχνυμαι am distressed), ἐσσύμενος (σεύω drive).
c. Verbal Adjectives.—The verbal adjective in -τος is accented on the ultima (λυτός); that in -τεος on the penult (λυτέος).
N.—Prepositional compounds in -τος denoting possibility generally accent the last syllable and have three endings (286), as διαλυτός dissoluble, ἐξαιρετός removable. Such compounds as have the force of a perfect passive participle accent the antepenult and have two endings, as διάλυτος dissolved, ἐξαίρετος chosen. All other compounds in -τος accent the antepenult and have two endings, as ἄβατος impassable, χειροποίητος artificial.
426
Exceptions to the recessive accent of compound verbs.—a. The accent cannot precede the augment or reduplication: ἄπειμι am absent, ἀπῆν was absent, εἰσ-ῆλθον they entered, ἀπ-ῆσαν they were absent; ἀφ-ῖκται arrived (cp. ἷκται).
N.—A long vowel or diphthong not changed by the augment receives the accent: ὑπ-εῖκε was yielding (indic. ὑπ-είκω, imper. ὕπ-εικε).
b. The accent cannot precede the last syllable of the preposition before the simple verb nor move back to the first of two prepositions: περίθες put around, συνέκδος give up together (not σύνεκδος), συγκάθες put down together (not σύγκαθες). Compounds of the second aorist active imperatives δός, ἕς, θές, and σχές are thus paroxytone: ἐπίθες set on, περίθες put around, ἐπίσχες hold on.
c. When compounded with a monosyllabic preposition, monosyllabic second aorist middle imperatives in -οῦ from μι-verbs retain the circumflex: προδοῦ betray, ἐνθοῦ put in. But the accent recedes when these imperatives prefix a dissyllabic preposition: ἀπόδου sell, κατάθου put down. The open forms always have recessive accent, as ἔνθεο, κατάθεο.
d. The accent of uncompounded infinitives, participles, aorist passive, perfect passive, and of the second aorist middle imperative (2. p. sing., but see 426 c) is retained in composition.
e. ἀπέσται will be far from, ἐπέσται will be upon do not have recessive accent.
f. Compound subjunctives are differently accentuated in the Mss.: ἀποδῶμαι and ἀπόδωμαι, ἐπιθῆται and ἐπίθηται; the aorist of ἵ̄ημι has προῶμαι and πρόωμαι. ἀπέχω has ἀπόσχωμαι. Compound optatives retain the accent of the primitives: ἀποδοῖτο, as δοῖτο. For συνθοῖτο, προσθοῖσθε (746 c) the Mss. occasionally have σύνθοιτο, πρόσθοισθε; and so πρόοιτο.
427
Final -αι (and -οι) are regarded as long in the optative (169), elsewhere as short. Hence distinguish the forms of the first aorist.
| 3. Sing. Opt. Act. | Infin. Act. | 2. Sing. Imper. Mid. | |
| λύ̄ω | λύ̄σαι | λῦσαι | λῦσαι |
| ἀπολύ̄ω | ἀπολύ̄σαι | ἀπολῦσαι | ἀπόλῡσαι |
| παιδεύω | παιδεύσαι | παιδεῦσαι | παίδευσαι |
AUGMENT
428
The augment (increase) denotes past time. It appears only in the secondary or past tenses of the indicative mood, namely, imperfect, aorist, and pluperfect. The augment has two forms, the syllabic and the temporal.
429
Syllabic Augment.—Verbs beginning with a consonant prefix ε as the augment, which thus increases the word by one syllable. In the pluperfect ε is prefixed to the reduplication.
| λύ̄ω | loose | ἔ-λῡον | ἔ-λῡσα | ἐ-λελύκη |
| παιδεύω | educate | ἐ-παίδευον | ἐ-παίδευσα | ἐ-πεπαιδεύκη |
a. Verbs beginning with ρ double the ρ after the augment. ῥί̄πτω throw, ἔ-ρρῑπτον, ἔ-ρρῑψα, ἐ-ρρί̄φθην; ῥήγνῡμι break, ἔ-ρρηξα, ἐ-ρράγην.
N.—ρρ is here due to assimilation of ϝρ, as in Hom. ἔρρεξα did (and ἔρεξα); of σρ in ἔρρεον flowed. Cp. 80 a.
429 a. D
Hom. has ἔλλαβε took (for ἐ-σλαβε), ἔννεον swam (for ἐ-σνεον), ἐσσείοντο shook (for ἐ-τϝειοντο), ἔδδεισε feared (for ἐ-δϝεισε). ἔμμαθε learned is due to analogy.
430
βούλομαι wish, δύναμαι am able, μέλλω intend augment with ε or with η (especially in later Attic); thus, ἐβουλόμην and ἠβουλόμην, ἐδυνάμην and ἠδυνάμην, ἐδυνήθην and ἠδυνήθην.
a. These forms seem to be due to parallelism with ἤθελον (from ἐθέλω wish) and ἔθελον (from θέλω).
431
Some verbs beginning with a vowel take the syllabic augment because they formerly began with a consonant. Thus,
ἄγνῡμι break ( Ϝάγνῡμι ), ἔᾱξα , aor. pass. ἐά̄γην .
ἁλίσκομαι am captured ( Ϝαλίσκομαι ), imperf. ἡλισκόμην , aor. ἑά̄λων (with temporal augment) or ἥλων .
ἁνδάνω please ( Ϝανδάνω ), aor. ἕαδον (Ionic).
ἀν-οίγω open ( Ϝοίγνῡμι ), imperf. ἀν-έῳγον .
ἐάω permit ( σεϜαω ), εἴων, εἴᾱσα, εἰά̄θην.
ἑζόμαι sit (for σεδιομαι ), εἱσάμην .
ἐθίζω accustom ( σϜεθίζω , cp. 123), εἴθιζον, εἴθισα, εἰθίσθην.
ἐλίττω roll ( Ϝελίττω ), εἴλιττον, εἴλιξα, εἰλίχθην.
ἕλκω or ἑλκύω draw ( σελκω ), εἷλκον, εἵλκυσα, εἱλκύσθην.
ἕπομαι follow ( σεπομαι ), εἱπόμην .
ἐργάζομαι work ( Ϝεργάζομαι ), εἰργασάμην .
ἕρπω creep ( σερπω ), εἷρπον .
ἑστιάω entertain ( Ϝεστίαω ), εἱστίων, εἱστίᾱσα, εἱστιά̄θην.
ἔχω hold ( σεχω ), εἶχον .
ἵημι send ( σισημι ), aor. du. εἷτον for ἐ-ἑ-τον, εἵθην for ἐ-ἑ-θην .
ἵστημι put ( σιστημι ), plup. εἱστήκη for ἐ-σε-στηκη .
ὁράω see ( Ϝοράω ), ἑώρων, ἑώρᾱκα or ἑόρᾱκα .
ὠθέω push ( Ϝωθέω ), ἐώθουν, ἔωσα, ἐώσθην.
ὠνέομαι buy ( Ϝωνέομαι ), ἐωνούμην, ἐωνήθην.
εἶδον saw, 2 aor. of ὁράω (for ἐ-Ϝιδον ).
εἷλον took, 2 aor. of αἱρέω (for ἐ-ἑλον ).
431 D
Syllabic augment in Homer before a vowel is a sure proof of initial ϝ in ἔειπον and some other verbs. Similar Ionic and poetic forms occur from εἶδον, εἴλω, εἴρω, ἔλπω, ἕννῡμι, ἔρδω, οἰνοχοέω, etc.
432
Some forms of some verbs in 431 are augmented as if no consonant had preceded the first vowel, as ἠργαζόμην (and εἰργαζόμην).
433
Since ϝ disappeared early, many augmented forms show no trace of its existence, as, ᾤκουν from οἰκέω dwell (ϝοῖκος). Besides ε, η was also used as the syllabic augment. This appears in Hom. ἠ-είδεις (-ης?), Attic ᾔδεις you knew.
434
The verbs ἄγνῡμι, ἁλίσκομαι, (ἀν)οίγνῡμι, ὁράω, which began originally with ϝ, show forms that appear to have a double augment; as ἐά̄γην, ἑά̄λων, (ἀν)ἐῳγον (rarely ἤνοιγον), ἑώρων, ἑώρᾱκα (and ἑόρᾱκα). These forms appear to be due to transference of quantity (34) from ἠ-ϝᾰγην, ἠ-ϝοιγον, ἠ-ϝορων (cp. 433).
435
Temporal Augment.—Verbs beginning with a vowel take the temporal augment by lengthening the initial vowel. The temporal augment is so called because it usually increases the time required to pronounce the initial syllable. Diphthongs lengthen their first vowel.
| α becomes η : | ἄγω lead | ἦγον | ἦχα | ἤχη | |
| ε “ η : | ἐλπίζω hope | ἤλπιζον | ἤλπισα | ἤλπικα | ἠλπίκη |
| ι “ ῑ : | ἱκετεύω supplicate | ἱ̄κέτευον | ἱ̄κέτευσα | ἱ̄κέτευκα | ἱ̄κετεύκη |
| ο “ ω : | ὁρίζω mark off | ὥριζον | ὥρισα | ὥρικα | ὡρίκη |
| υ “ ῡ : | ὑβρίζω insult | ὕ̄βριζον | ὕ̄βρισα | ὕ̄βρικα | ὑ̄βρίκη |
| αι “ ῃ : | αἱρίω seize | ᾕρουν | ᾕρηκα | ᾑρήκη | |
| αυ “ ηυ : | αὐλέω play the flute | ηὔλουν | ηὔλησα | ηὔληκα | ηὐλήκη |
| ει “ ῃ : | εἰκάζω liken | ᾔκαζον | ᾔκασα | ||
| ευ “ ηυ : | εὔχομαι pray | ηὐχόμην | ηὐξάμην | ηὖγμαι | ηὔγμην |
| οι “ ῳ : | οἰκέω dwell | ᾤκουν | ᾤκησα | ᾤκηκα | ᾠκήκη |
435 D
Initial α becomes ᾱ in Doric and Aeolic; initial αι and αυ remain.
436
Initial ᾳ becomes ῃ: ᾁδω sing, ᾖδον. Initial η, ῑ, ῡ, ω remain unchanged. Initial ᾱ usually becomes η: ἀ̄ριστάω breakfast, ἠρίστησα. ἀνᾱλίσκω and ἀνᾱλόω expend form ἀνά̄λωσα and ἀνήλωσα, ἀνᾱλώθην and ἀνηλώθην.
437
Initial diphthongs are sometimes unaugmented: αυ in αὑαίνομαι dry; ει : εἴκαζον, ᾔκαζον; ευ: εὑρέθην and ηὑρέθην from εὑρίσκω find, εὐξάμην and ηὐξάμην from εὔχομαι pray; ου is never augmented, since it is never a pure diphthong when standing at the beginning of a verb-form.
438
Omission of the Augment.—a. In Attic tragedy the augment is sometimes omitted in choral passages, rarely in the dialogue parts (messengers' speeches), which are nearer akin to prose.
b. In χρῆν (from χρὴ ¨ ἦν) the augment is strictly unnecessary, but is often added (ἐχρῆν) since the composition of χρῆν was forgotten.
c. In Homer and the lyric poets either the syllabic or the temporal augment is often absent; as φάτο and ἔφατο, βῆν and ἔβην, ἔχον and εἶχον. Iteratives (495) in Hom. usually have no augment (ἔχεσκον).
N.—In Homer the absence of the augment represents the usage of the parent language, in which the augment was not necessarily added to mark past time. It is therefore erroneous, historically, to speak of the omission of the augment in Homer.
d. In Herodotus the syllabic augment is omitted only in the case of pluperfects and iteratives in σκον; the temporal augment is generally preserved, but it is always omitted in verbs beginning with αι, αυ, ει, ευ, οι, and in ἀγῑνέω, ἀεθλέω, ἀνώγω, ἔρδω, ἐάω, ὁρμέω, etc.; in others it is omitted only in some forms (as ἀγορεύω, ἄγω, ἕλκω, ὁρμάω), and in others it is variable (ἀγγέλλω, ἅπτω, ἄρχω, ἐπίσταμαι, ἀνέχομαι); in cases of Attic reduplication the augment is never added. Hdt. omits the augment for the reduplication in the above verbs.
REDUPLICATION
439
Reduplication is the doubling of the sound standing at the beginning of a word. It is used in the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect tenses in all the moods, to denote completed action. It is sometimes found also in the present and second aorist.
439 D
Reduplication (or the augment for the reduplication) is generally retained in Hom. Exceptions are ἔρχαται and ἔρχατο from ἔργω shut, ἄνωγα order, ἕσται from ἕννῡμι clothe. On δέχαται await, ἐδέγμην was expecting cp. 634.
440
Verbs beginning with a simple consonant (except ρ) or with a stop and a liquid (λ, μ, ν, ρ) place the initial consonant with ε before the stem. λύ̄ω loose, λέ-λυκα, λε-λυκέναι, λέ-λυμαι, λε-λύ̄σομαι; γράφω write, γέ-γραφα; κλί̄νω incline, κέ-κλικα; βλάπτω injure, βέ-βλαφα; πρί̄ω saw, πέ-πρῑσμαι.
a. Exceptions: verbs beginning with γν, most of those with γλ, and some with βλ. Thus, γνωρίζω recognize, ἐ-γνώρικα; γι-γνώσκω know, ἔ-γνωκα; γλύφω carve, ἔ-γλυφα; βλαστάνω sprout, ἐ-βλάστηκα (usu. βεβλάστηκα).
441
An initial aspirate is reduplicated by the corresponding smooth stop: φονεύω murder, πε-φόνευκα; θύ̄ω sacrifice, τέ-θυκα; χορεύω dance, κε-χόρευκα.
442
In all other cases the reduplication is formed like the augment.
a. Verbs beginning with a short vowel lengthen the vowel, as ἄγω lead, ἦχα; ὀρθόω set upright, ὤρθωκα; ἀγγέλλω announce, ἤγγελκα.
b. Verbs beginning with two or more consonants (except a stop with a liquid), a double consonant, and ρ simply prefix ε. ρ is here doubled (cp. 429 a). Thus, κτίζω found, ἔ-κτικα; σπείρω sow, ἔ-σπαρμαι; στρατηγέω am general, ἐ-στρατήγηκα; ζητέω seek, ἐ-ζήτηκα; ψαύω touch, ἔ-ψαυκα; ῥί̄πτω throw, ἔρρῑφα.
N.—μιμνῄσκω remind and κτάομαι acquire are exceptions: μέ-μνημαι, ἐ-μεμνήμην; κέ-κτημαι, ἐ-κε-κτήμην.
442. b. D
Hom. has ῥε-ρυπωμένος (ῥυπόω soil), ἔμμορε (μείρομαι obtain) for ἐ-σμορε 445 a, ἔσσυμαι (σεύω urge) for ἐ-κ[ιγλιδε]υ-μαι; Ionic has ἔκτημαι.
443
The verbs mentioned in 431 which originally began with a consonant now lost, reduplicate regularly. Since the reduplicated consonant has disappeared only ε is left, and this often contracts with the initial vowel of the theme. Thus, ἔᾱγα for ϝε-ϝᾱγα from ϝάγνῡμι break; ἔωσμαι for ϝε-ϝωσμαι from ϝωθέω push; ἕστηκα for σεστηκα from ἵστημι set; εἷκα for σεσεκα from ἵ̄ημι (σι-σημι) send.
444
Pluperfect.—The pluperfect prefixes the syllabic augment ε to the reduplicated perfect beginning with a consonant; when the perfect stem begins with a vowel the pluperfect retains the prefix of the perfect.
Thus perf. λέλυκα, λέλυμαι, plup. ἐ-λελύκη, ἐ-λελύμην; perf. ἔ-σταλκα, ἔ-σταλμαι, plup. ἐ-στάλκη, ἐ-στάλμην from στέλλω send; perf. ἠγόρευκα, plup. ἠγορεύκη from ἀγορεύω harangue; perf. ᾕρηκα, plup. ᾑρήκη from αἱρέω seize.
a. Verbs showing ‘Attic’ reduplication (446), in almost all cases augment the pluperfect.
b. The verbs of 431 follow the perfects of 443; as ἐά̄γη (ἄγνῡμι), ἐώσμην (ὠθέω), εἵμην (ἵ̄ημι), ἐρρώγη from (ϝ)ρήγνῡμι. ἵστημι forms εἱστήκη ( = ἐ-(σ)εστηκη), Ion. and poet. ἑστήκη (rare in Att. prose). ἔοικα am like forms ἐῴκη.
444 b. D
Hdt. has οἶκα (for ἔοικα), ἔωθα, ἐώθεα; Hom. has ἔωθεν and εἴωθε.
445
Some verbs beginning with a liquid or μ take ει instead of the reduplication: λαμβάνω (λαβ-) take, εἴ-ληφα, εἴ-λημμαι, εἰ-λήφη; λαγχάνω (λαχ-) obtain by lot, εἴ-ληχα, εἰ-λήχη; λέγω collect (in composition) -εἴ-λοχα, -εἰ-λόχη, -εἴ-λεγμαι (rarely λέ-λεγμαι); μείρομαι receive a share, εἵ-μαρται it is fated, εἵ-μαρτο with rough breathing; also the stems επ, ρη say, εἴ-ρηκα, εἰ-ρήκη.
445 D
Hom. δείδω fear stands for δε-δϝω from δε-δϝο([ιγλιδε])α (cp. δϝέος). So δείδοικα for δε-δϝοικα. For δείδεκτο greeted we should read δήδεκτο with η-reduplication. Hdt. has λελάβηκα and -λελαμμένος. λέλημμαι occurs in tragedy.
a. εἴληφα is from σε-σληφα by 37 (cp. Hom. ἔλλαβον for ἐ-σλαβον), εἵμαρται is from σε-σμαρται (cp. Hom. ἔμμορε). The other forms are probably analogues of εἴληφα.
446
Attic Reduplication.—Some verbs whose themes begin with α, ε, or ο, followed by a single consonant, reduplicate by repeating the initial vowel and the consonant and by lengthening α and ε to η, ο to ω. Thus ἀγείρω collect, ἀγ-ήγερκα, ἀγ-ήγερμαι; ἐγείρω awaken, ἐγ-ήγερμαι; ἐλέγχω confute, ἐλ-ήλεγμαι; ὀρύττω dig, ὀρ-ώρυχα, ὀρ-ώρυγμαι; ὄμ-νῡμι swear, ὀμ-ώμοκα; ὄλ-λῡμι destroy, ὀλ-ώλεκα. So also φέρω bear, ἐν-ήνοχα, ἐν-ήνεγμαι.
a. The name ‘Attic’ was given by the Greek grammarians to this form of reduplication though it occurs in Homer and in the other dialects.
b. ἀκούω hear has ἀκ-ήκοα for ἀκ-ήκο([υγλιδε])α; ἄγω has ἀγ-ήοχα for ἀγ-ή(γ)οχα. The pluperfect augments except in the case of verbs with initial ε: ἠκ-ηκόη, ὠμ-ωμόκη, ἀπωλώλη; but ἐλ-ηλύθη, ἐν-ηνέγμην.
446 D
—In Hom. ‘Attic’ reduplication is even more frequent than in Attic; thus, ἐδηδώς from ἔδω eat, ἐρήριπα have fallen, ἐρέριπτο (without lengthening) from ἐρείπω overthrow, ὀρωρέχαται from ὀρέγω reach. For other poetical forms see in the List of Verbs ἀγείρω, αἱρέω, ἀλάομαι, ἀραρίσκω, ἐρείδω, ἐρίζω, ἔχω, ὄζω, ὁράω, ὄρνῡμι.
447
Reduplication in the Present.—A few verbs reduplicate in the present by prefixing the initial consonant and ι, as γί-γνομαι, γι-γνώσκω, μι-μνῄσκω, τί-κτω for τι-τ(ε)κω, πί̄-πτω for πι-π(ε)τω, ἵ-στημι for σι-στημι, τί-θημι for θι-θημι (125 a), δί-δωμι. πίμ-πλη-μι fill (πλα-, πλη-) and πίμπρημι burn (πρα-, πρη-) insert μ.
a. In some verbs the reduplication belongs to the verbal stem: βιβάζω make go ἐβίβασα, διδάσκω teach ἐδίδαξα.
448
Reduplication in the Second Aorist.—ἄγω lead forms the second aorist ἤγ-αγον, ἀγ-άγω, ἀγ-άγοιμι, ἀγ-αγεῖν, middle ἠγ-αγόμην. So also ἤν-εγκα and ἤν-εγκον from φέρω.
448 D
Hom. has many reduplicated second aorists, as πέ-πιθον from πείθω (πιθ-) persuade, κεκλόμην, κε-κλόμενος from κέλομαι command, λε-λαθέσθαι from λανθάνω (λαθ-) escape the notice of, πε-φιδέσθαι from φείδομαι (φιδ-) spare, ἤρ-αρον from ἀραρίσκω (ἀρ-) join, ὤρ-ορον from ὄρνῡμι arouse. The indicative forms may take the syllabic augment, as in ἐ-πέ-φραδον from φράζω (φραδ-) tell. From ἐνίπτω chide and ἐρύ̄κω check come ἠνί̄παπον and ἐνένῑπον, and ἠρύ̄κακον.
POSITION OF AUGMENT AND REDUPLICATION IN COMPOUND VERBS
449
In verbs compounded with a preposition, augment and reduplication stand between the preposition and the verb.
Thus, ὑπερβαίνω pass over, ὑπερέβαινον, ὑπερβέβηκα; εἰσβάλλω throw into, εἰσέβαλλον, εἰσβέβληκα.
a. Before ε of the augment ἐκ regains its fuller form ἐξ (133 a), and ἐν and σύν reappear in their proper forms which were modified in the present. Thus ἐκβάλλω throw out, ἐξέβαλλον, ἐκβέβληκα; ἐμβάλλω throw into, ἐνέβαλλον; συλλέγω collect, συνέλεγον, συνείλοχα; συρρί̄πτω throw together, συνέρρῑψα, συνέρρῑφα; συσκευάζω pack together, συνεσκεύαζον, συνεσκευάσθην.
b. Prepositions (except περί and πρό) drop their final vowel: ἀποβάλλω throw away, ἀπ-έβαλλον; but περιβάλλω throw around, περιέβαλλον, προβαίνω step forward, προέβην. But πρό may contract with the augment (προὔβην).
450
But some verbs, which are not often used except as compounds, are treated like uncompound verbs and take the augment before the preposition, as ἐκαθήμην sat from κάθημαι, ἐκάθιζον set, sat from καθίζω, ἠμφίεσα clothed from ἀμφιέννῡμι, ἐκάθευδον (and καθηῡδον) slept from καθεύδω, ἠπιστάμην, ἠπιστήθην from ἐπίσταμαι understand. ἵ̄ημι forms ἀφί̄ει and ἠφί̄ει. The simple verbs occur mostly in poetry. But ἀπολαύω enjoy makes ἀπολέλαυκα, ἐξετάζω review ἐξήτακα.
451
Double Augment.—Some verbs take two augments, one before and the other after the preposition, as ἠν-ειχόμην, ἠν-εσχόμην from ἀν-έχομαι endure, ἠν-ώχλουν from ἐνοχλέω annoy, ἐπηνώρθωμαι from ἐπανορθόω set upright. So also, by analogy to the foregoing, a few verbs derived from compound words: ἠμφεσβήτουν from ἀηφισβητέω dispute, ἠντεδέκει from ἀντιδικέω go to law (ἀντίδικος).
452
Compounds of δυσ- ill and εὖ well. (1) δυστυχέω am unhappy, ἐ-δυστύχουν, δε-δυσ-τύχηκα. δυσ-ηρέστουν, δυσ-ηρέστηκα from δυσ-αρεστέω do not occur. (2) εὐεργετέω do good, εὐεργέτησαν, εὐεργέτηκα (inscrip.) εὐηργέτηκα (texts).
453
Verbs derived from compound nouns take the augment and the reduplication at the beginning; as ἐμῡθολόγουν, μεμῡθολόγηκα from μῡθολογέω tell legends (μῡθολόγος teller of legends); ᾠκοδόμουν, ᾠκοδόμηκα from οἰκοδομέω build (οἰκοδόμος house-builder); ἠμπόλων, ἠμπόληκα from ἐμπολάω traffic in (ἐμπολή traffic).
a. ἐκκλησιάζω hold an assembly (ἐκκλησίᾱ) makes ἠκ-κλησίαζον or ἐξ-ε-κλησίαζον. ἐγγυάω pledge makes ἐνεγύων, ἐνεγύησα and (better) ἠγγύων, ἠγγύησα.
454
Verbs derived from compound nouns whose first part is a preposition are commonly treated as if compounded of a preposition and a simple verb; as κατηγορέω accuse (κατήγορος), κατηγόρουν, κατηγόρηκα; ἐνθῡμέομαι ponder (ἔνθῡμος) ἐνεθῡμήθην, ἐντεθῡμῆσθαι; ἐπιορκέω swear falsely (ἐπίορκος), ἐπιώρκηκα; ἐγχειρίζω entrust (ἐν χειρί), ἐνεχείρισα.
a. But several verbs are not treated as compounds, such as ἀπατάω deceive, ἀπιστέω distrust, ἀπορέω am in difficulty, παρρησιάζομαι speak freely.
TENSE-SUFFIXES, THEMATIC VOWEL, MOOD-SUFFIXES
455
Tense-Suffixes.—The tense-suffixes, which are added to the verb-stem to form the tense-stems, consist of the thematic vowel and certain other letters. No tense-suffixes are added to the verb-stem (1) in the second aorist active and middle, and second perfect and pluperfect, of μι-verbs; (2) in the perfect and pluperfect middle of verbs in -ω and -μι. The tense-suffixes are as follows:—
1. Present system, -όε-, -τόε-, -[ιγλιδε]όε-, -νόε-, -ανόε-, -νεόε-, -να-, -νυ-, -(ι)σκόε; or none, as in φα-μέν.
2. Future system, -σόε-.
3. First aorist sytem, -σα-.
4. Second aorist system, -όε-; or none, as in ἔ-στη-ν.
5. First perfect system, -κα- (plupf. -κη- from -κεα-; -κει- from -κεε-; -κε-).
6. Second perfect system, -α- (plupf. -η-, -ει-, or -ε-); or none, as in ἕ-στα-τε.
7. Perfect middle system, none (future perfect -σόε-).
8. First passive system, θη-, -θε- (future passive -θησόε-).
9. Second passive system, η, -ε- (future passive -ησόε-).
N.—-α in the aorist is properly a relic of the personal ending (666).
455. D
For the Doric future -σεόε-, see 540.—For the Epic first aorist -σόε-, see 542 D.—For the doubling of ς in the future and first aorist, see 534 b. D., 544 b. D.
456
Thematic Vowel.—The thematic, or variable, vowel appears at the end of the tense-stems in the present, imperfect, and second aorist active and middle of ω-verbs, and in all futures and future perfects. The thematic vowel in the indicative is ο before μ or ν (and in the optative of the tenses mentioned); elsewhere it is ε. Thus, λῡόε-, λιπόε-, λῡσόε-, λυθησόε-, λελῡσόε-; λύ̄ο-ῑ-μι. In the subjunctive it is ώη.
a. Attic inscriptions have both -εσθων and -οσθων in the imperative.
457
Subjunctive.—In the subjunctive of all verbs the thematic vowel is ώη-. Thus, λύ̄ω-μεν, λύ̄η-τε, λύ̄σω-μεν, στείλη-τε.
a. Verbs in -νῡμι form their subjunctive like ω-verbs.
457 D
Hom. has -όε- instead of -ώη-, especially in the 1 aor., 2 aor. of μι- verbs, and 2 aor. pass. (ἐρύσσομεν, δώομεν, τραπείομεν; also in ἴομεν, εἴδομεν). These forms do not occur in the sing. or 3 pl. active. Verbs in ω rarely show this όε in the present. (Other examples 532, 667 D., 682 D.)
458
In the present and second aorist of μι-verbs, and in the aorist passive, ώη is added to the tense stem. Thus τιθῶμεν from τιθέ-ω-μεν, θῶ from θέ-ω, τιθῆτε from τιθέ-η-τε, λυθῶ from λυθέ-ω.
459
Suffix of the Optative.—The optative adds the mood suffix -ῑ-, or -ιη- which contracts with the final vowel of the tense-stem: λύ̄οιμι for λύ̄ο-ῑ-μι, φιλοίην for φιλεο-ίη-ν, τιθείην for τιθε-ίη-ν. -ιη- occurs only before active endings. When the suffix is -ιη-, the 1 pers. sing. ends in -ν; as τῑμαο-ίη-ν ῀ τῑμῴην; when it is -ῑ-, the 1 pers. sing. ends in -μι, as τῑμάο-ῑ-μι ῀ τῑμῷμι.
460
ιη is used as follows (in all other cases -ῑ-):—
a. In contracted verbs in the singular, rarely in the dual and plural. -ῑ- appears in the dual and plural, rarely in the singular.
b. In liquid verbs in the future active singular: φανοίη-ν for φανεο-ίη-ν. In the dual and plural -ῑ-: φανοῖτον, φανοῖμεν for φανεό-ῑ-τον, φανεό-ῑ-μεν.
c. In the singular of μι-verbs: τιθείην for τιθε-ίη-ν, διδοίην for διδο-ίη-ν, θείην for θε-ίη-ν. Here the modal sign is added to the tense-stem without any thematic vowel. -ῑ- is more common in the dual and plural: τιθεῖμεν for τιθέ-ῑ-μεν, διδοῖμεν for διδό-ῑ-μεν, θεῖτε for θέ-ῑ-τε. Verbs in -νῡμι make their optatives like λύ̄ω.
d. In the aorist passive: λυθείην for λυθε-ίη-ν, φανείην for φανε-ίη-ν. In the dual and plural -ῑ- is more common: λυθεῖμεν for λυθέ-ῑ-μεν, φανεῖτε for φανέ-ῑ-τε.
e. In some second perfects, as προεληλυθοίης, and in the second aorist σχοίην from ἔχω (but -σχοῖμι in composition).
N.—In the 3 pl. -ιε- is regular before -ν: λύ̄ο-ιε-ν, τιθε-ῖε-ν, λυθε-ῖε-ν.
460 D
-ιη- is very rare in Hom. in the dual and plural.
461
a. In the 1 aor. opt. act. of ω-verbs the endings -ειας, -ειε, and -ειαν are more common than -αις, -αι, -αιεν.
b. In the aor. opt. passive of all verbs and in the opt. of μι-verbs and of contract verbs -ιτον, -ιτην, -ιμεν, -ιτε, -ιεν are commoner than -ιητον, -ιητην, -ιημεν, -ιητε, -ιησαν. Prose writers use either the shorter or the longer forms; poets use only the shorter forms. Except in contract verbs -ιητε is very common in the 2 pl. and is sometimes the only form in the Mss., as δοίητε, θει´ητε, γνοίητε, -βαίητε, λυθείητε, φανείητε; but the forms in question occur in prose writers and their genuineness is therefore unsupported by metrical evidence.
ENDINGS OF THE VERB: PERSONAL ENDINGS
462
To make the complete verbal forms, to the tense-stems in the various moods are attached the personal endings in the finite moods and other endings in the infinitives, participles, and verbal adjectives. See 366. The personal endings of the four finite moods are given below. In many forms only the μι-verbs preserve distinct endings. Some of the endings are due to analogy of others and many are still unexplained. The first person dual, when it is used, has the form of the first person plural.
| ACTIVE | MIDDLE | ||
| INDICATIVE | INDICATIVE | INDICATIVE | INDICATIVE |
| (primary tenses) | (secondary tenses) | (primary tenses) | (secondary tenses) |
| AND | AND | AND | AND |
| SUBJUNCTIVE | OPTATIVE | SUBJUNCTIVE | OPTATIVE |
| Sing. 1.—or -μι | -ν | -μαι | -μην |
| 2. -ς (for -σι), -θα (-σθα) | -ς, -σθα | -σαι | -σο |
| 3. -σι (for -τι) | — | -ται | -το |
| Dual 2. -τον | -τον | -σθον | -σθον |
| 3. -τον | -την | -σθον | -σθην |
| Plur. 1. -μεν | -μεν | -μεθα | -μεθα |
| 2. -τε | -τε | -σθε | -σθε |
| 3. -νσι (for -ντι) | -ν, -σαν , | -νται | -ντο |
| ACTIVE | MIDDLE | |
| IMPERATIVE | ||
| Sing. 2. | —, -θι, -ς | -σο |
| 3. | -τω | -σθω |
| Dual 2. | -τον | -σθον |
| 3. | -των | -σθων |
| Plur. 2. | -τε | -σθε |
| 3. | -ντων (-τωσαν) | -σθων (-σθωσαν) |
462 D
Doric has -τι for -σι, -μες for -μεν, -ντι in 3 pl., and -τᾱν, -σθᾱν, -μᾱν for -την, -σθην, -μην. -τᾱν, -σθᾱν, -μᾱν are also Aeolic.
The close agreement between Greek and Sanskrit may be illustrated by the inflection of Old Greek and Doric φᾱμί say, Skt. bhā´mi shine, ἔφερον, Skt. ábharam bore.
| φᾱ-μί | bhā´-mi | φᾰ-τόν | bhaā-tás | ἔφερο-ν | ábhara-m | ἐφερέ-την | ábhara-taām |
| φᾴ-ς | bhā´-si | φᾰ-μές | bhā-más | ἔφερε-ς | ábhara-s | ἐφέρο-μεν | ábharā-ma |
| φᾱ-τί | bhā´-ti | φᾰ-τέ | bhā-thá | ἔφερε-(τ) | ábhara-t | ἐφέρε-τε | ábhara-ta |
| φᾰ-τόν | bhā-thás | φᾰ-ντί | bhā´-nti | ἐφέρε-τον | ábhara-tam | ἔφερο-ν(τ) | ábhara-n(t) |
PRIMARY ENDINGS OF THE ACTIVE (IND. AND SUBJ.)
a. 1 Sing.—-μι is found only in μι-verbs. Verbs in -ω have no ending and simply lengthen the thematic vowel (λύ̄ω, λείπω). The perfect has no personal ending, -α taking the place of a thematic vowel.
463 a. D
The Hom. subj. ἐθέλωμι, τύχωμι, ἀγάγωμι, are new formations. Aeolic has φίλημι, δοκίμωμι (indic.).
b. 2 Sing.—(1) -σι is found in Hom. ἐσσί thou art from the μι-verb εἰμί I am; possibly also in φῄς thou sayest. Attic εἶ thou art is derived from ἐ-σι. τίθη-ς is obscure. λύ̄εις is probably for λῡε-σι, λῡεϊ, λῡει, to which ς has been added. Subj. λύ̄ῃ-ς follows the analogy of the indicative, but with long thematic vowel. τιθῇς for τιθέ-ῃς. In the perfect -ς (not for -σι) has been added.
b. (1) εἶς or εἴς in Hom. and Hdt. is derived from εἶ ¨ ς. For this form ἐσσ(ί) may be read in Hom. Theocr. has -ες for -εις (ἀμέλγες, etc.) and perf. πεπόνθεις (557. 2. D.).
(2) -θα is a perfect ending, as in οἶσθα knowest for οἰδ ¨ θα (83). From the perfect it spread to the imperfects ἦσθα wast, ἤεισθα wentst, ἔφησθα saidst, and to ᾔδησθα or ᾔδεισθα knewest. The perfect has commonly -α-ς. οἶσθας and ἦσθας are late.
b. (2) -σθα in Hom. indic. φῆσθα, τίθησθα, ᾔδησθα; subj. ἐθέλῃσθα also written ἐθέλησθα; opt. (rarely) κλαίοισθα, βάλοισθα. -σθα occurs also occasionally in Doric (ποθορῆσθα) and Aeolic (ἔχεισθα, φίλησθα).
c. 3 Sing.—-τι is found in μι-verbs: ἐσ-τί, τίθησι for τίθη-τι (Doric) by 115. λύ̄ει is obscure, but it cannot be derived from λῡε-σι for λῡε-τι. λύ̄ῃ, τιθῇ (for τιθέῃ) follow λύ̄ει, but with long thematic vowel. In the perfect, -ε with no personal ending.
c. Aeolic has τίθη, ποίη, στεφάνοι, but ἦσι says. Subj.: Hom. ἐθέλῃσι (also written ἐθέλησι; cp. Arcad. ἔχη), φορέῃσι, θέῃσι.
d. 3 Pl.—Original -ντι is retained in Doric λύ̄οντι, whence Attic λύ̄ουσι (115 a); ἐντί, Attic εἰσί. Subj. λύ̄ωσι from λύ̄ω-ντι, τιθῶσι from τιθέω-ντι, ποιῶσι from ποιῶντι (Dor.). Many μι forms are derived from -αντι, as τιθέᾱσι (τιθέ-αντι), διδόᾱσι (διδό-αντι), ἑστᾶσι (ἑστά-αντι), ἱστᾶσι (from ἱστά-αντι), the accent of which has been transferred to τιθεῖσι (747 D. 1), διδοῦσι from (Dor.) τίθε-ντι, δίδο-ντι. -ᾰτι from -ṇτι (35 b), properly the ending of the perfect after a consonant, appears as -ᾰσι in Hom. πεφύκᾰσι; but it has been replaced by -ᾱσι out of -αντι, as in τετράφ-ᾱσι.
d. Hom. has -ᾱσι in ἴᾱσι they go, ἔᾱσι they are, and in βεβάᾱσι, γεγάᾱσι. Aeolic has λύ̄οισι, φίλεισι, τί̄μαισι.
SECONDARY ENDINGS OF THE ACTIVE (IND. AND OPT.)
The optative usually has the endings of the secondary tenses of the indicative.
a. 1 Sing.—-ν stands for μ (133 c), cp. ἔφερο-ν, Skt. ábhara-m. After a consonant μ (sonant nasal, 20 b, 35 c) became α: ἔλῡσα for ἐλῡσṃ, Epic ἦα was for η᾽(σ)α from ἠσṃ. In the pluperfect -η is from ε-α (467). -ν is found in the optative when the mood suffix is -ιη-; elsewhere the optative has -μι.
464 a. D
-ν for -μι is very rare (τρέφοιν in Eur., ἁμάρτοιν in Cratinus).
b. 2 Sing.—On -σθα see 463 b (2).
c. 3 Sing.—-τ dropped (133 b) in ἔλῡε, ἐτίθη, and in the opt. λύ̄οι, εἴη (cp. Old Lat. sied). ἔλῡσε has its -ε from the perfect (cp. οἶδε) and shows no personal ending.
c. Doric ἦς was for ἠσ(τ).
d. Dual.—-την is rarely found for -τον in the 2 dual (εὑρέτην in Plato). Hom. has ἐτεύχετον as 3 dual.
e. 3 Pl.—-ν for -ντ by 133 b. -σαν (taken from the 1 aorist) is used (1) in the imperf. and 2 aor. of μι-verbs, as ἐτίθε-σαν, ἔθε-σαν; (2) in the aor. pass. ἐλύθη-σαν, ἐφάνη-σαν (here -ν preceded by a short vowel occurs in poetry, 585 a. D.); (3) in the pluperf. ἐλελύκε-σαν; (4) in the opt. when -ιη- is the modal suffix (460). In the opt. -σαν is rare.
e. -ν is regular in Doric and common in Hom. and later poetry; as ἔστᾰ-ν (ἔστη-σαν), ἔδιδο-ν (ἐδίδο-σαν), φίληθεν (ἐφιλήθη-σαν), τράφεν (ἐτράφη-σαν). The short vowel before ν(τ) is explained by 40. Hom. ἦε-ν were became ἦν, used in Dor. as 3 pl.; in Attic it was used as 3 sing.
ENDINGS OF THE MIDDLE (INDIC., SUBJ., OPT.)
a. 2 Sing.—Primary -σαι retains its ς in the perfect of all verbs (λέλυ-σαι), and in the pres. of μι-verbs (τίθε-σαι). Elsewhere ς drops between vowels, as in λύ̄ῃ or λύ̄ει from λύ̄ε-σαι, λυθήσῃ or -ει, φανῇ from φανέε-σαι, τῑμᾷ from τῑμάε-σαι; subj. λύ̄ῃ from λύη-σαι, φήνῃ from φήνη-σαι, θῇ from θήε-σαι, δῷ from δώη-σαι, ᾗ from ἕη-σαι, φιλῇ from φιλέη-σαι, δηλοῖ from δηλόῃ ῀ δηλόη-σαι.
N. 1.—The forms -ῃ and -ει are found in the present, future, and future perfect. See 628.
N. 2.—δύνᾳ and δύνῃ for δύνασαι, ἐπίστᾳ and ἐπίστῃ for ἐπίστασαι, ἐφί̄ει for ἐφί̄εσαι, are poetic and dialectic or late.
465 a. D
Hom. has βούλεαι, perf. μέμνηαι, but pres. δύνασαι, παρίστασαι; ὄψει is unique (for ὄψεαι); subj. δύνηαι. Doric often contracts, as οἴῃ for οἴε-αι. Aeolic generally leaves εαι open (κείσε-αι). Hdt. has open -εαι, -ηαι.
b. 2 Sing.—-σο stays in all plups. and in the imperf. of μι-verbs. Elsewhere it loses its ς, as in ἐλύ̄ου from ἐλύ̄ε-σο, ἐλύ̄σω from ἐλύ̄σα-σο, ἐφήνω from ἐφήνα-σο, ἐλίπου from ἐλίπε-σο, ἔθου from ἔθε-σο, ἐπρίω from ἐπρία-σο, ἐτῑμῶ from ἐτῑμάε-σο, ἐφιλοῦ from ἐφιλέε-σο. In the optative, λύ̄οιο, λίποιο, τιθεῖο, εἷο, λύ̄σαιο, from λύ̄οι-σο, etc.; τῑμῷο from τῑμάοι-σο.
N. 1.—ἐδύνω or ἠδύνω and ἠπίστω are commoner than ἐδύνασο and ἠπίστασο from δύναμαι am able and ἐπίσταμαι understand.
N. 2.—After a diphthong or a long vowel in the 2 aor. indic. mid. -σο is retained, as εἷσο (ἵ̄ημι send), ὤνησο (ὀνίνημι benefit).
b. Hom., Doric, and Aeolic have generally open forms, as Hom. βάλλε-ο (rarely βάλλευ), ὠδύσα-ο. ἔρειο, σπεῖο are from -εεο. Hom. has ἐμάρναο for Attic ἐμάρνασο, and may drop ς even in the pluperfect (ἔσσυο). When Doric contracts αο we have ᾱ. In Hdt. αο, εο are open, but the writing ευ for εο is found.
c. Dual.—The 1 pl. is used for the 1 dual except in the three poetic forms περιδώμεθον, λελείμμεθον, ὁρμώμεθον. Hom. has -σθον for -σθην in θωρήσσεσθον.
d. 1 Pl.—In epic and dramatic poetry -μεσθα is often used for -μεθα for metrical reasons (βουλόμεσθα, ἐπιστάμεσθα).
e. 2 Pl.—On the loss of ς in σθε (ἔσταλθε), see 103.
f. 3 Pl.—After vowel stems -νται, -ντο are preserved. After stems ending in a consonant -νται, -ντο became -αται, -ατο by 35 b. These forms were retained in prose till about 400 B.C. (e.g. τετάχαται, ἐτετάχατο).
f. -αται, -ατο occur in Hom. regularly in the perfect and pluperfect of consonant stems, as τετράφαται, ἕαται for ἑσ-νται, ἥατο for ἡσ-ντο from ἧμαι (ἡσμαι); also in stems ending in -ι, as ἐφθίατο. -αται, -ατο were transferred to vocalic stems, as βεβλήαται, βεβλήατο, Hdt. δυνέαται. Hom. has -δ-αται in ἐληλάδαται from ἐλαύνω drive. In the opt. -ατο always (γενοίατο for γένοιντο). In Hdt. η before -αται, -ατο is shortened, as perf. ἡγέαται for ἡγή-αται ῀ ἥγηνται, ἐβεβλέατο for -ηατο. For κεῖνται, Hom. κείαται and κέαται, Hdt. has κέαται. In the opt. Hdt. has -ατο: βουλοίατο, δεξαίατο. In Hdt. -αται, -ατο occur even in the present system, τιθέαται, δυνέαται, ἱ̄στέατο.
ENDINGS OF THE IMPERATIVE
1. Active.
a. 2 Sing.—λῦε, λίπε, τίθει (for τίθε-ε) have not lost -θι. -θι is found in 2 aor. pass. φάνη-θι; in στῆ-θι and ἕστα-θι; in some 2 aorists, like γνῶ-θι, τλῆ-θι, πῖ-θι, which are μι forms though they have presents of the ω form (687). Also in ἴσ-θι be or know, ἴθι go, φάθι or φαθί say. λύθητι is for λυθηθι by 125 b.
466 a. D
-θι is not rare in Hom., pres. δίδωθι ῀ δίδου, ὄρνυθι, aor. κλῦθι, perf. τέτλαθι. Aeolic has ἴστᾱ, φίλη. πίει, δέχοι, δίδοι (Pindar) are very rare.
b. -ς occurs in θές, ἕς, δός, σχές (and in the rare θίγες, πίεις). This -ς is not derived from -θι.
c. λῦσ-ον aor. act. and λῦσ-αι aor. mid. are obscure in origin.
2. Middle.
a. 2 Sing.—-σο retains its ς in the (rare) perf. of all verbs and in the pres. of μι-verbs (λέλυσο, τίθεσο, ἵστασο). Elsewhere ς is dropped, as in λύ̄ου from λύ̄ε-σο, λιποῦ from λιπέ-σο, θοῦ from θέ-σο, οὗ from ἕ-σο, πρίω from πρία-σο, τῑμῶ from τῑμάε-σο.
N.—τίθου, ἵστω, δίδου are poetic or late.
3. 3 Pl.—For -ντων and -σθων we find -τωσαν and -σθωσαν in prose after Thucydides, in Euripides, and in inscriptions after 300 B.C. Thus, λῡέτωσαν, λῡσάτωσαν, λῡέσθωσαν, λῡσάσθωσαν, λυθήτωσαν, λιπέτωσαν, λιπέσθωσαν, φηνάσθωσαν, φανήτωσαν, τῑμάσθωσαν, φιλείσθωσαν, γεγράφθωσαν, πεπείσθωσαν, τιθέτωσαν, διδότωσαν, θέτωσαν, τιθέσθωσαν, θέσθωσαν, -ἕτωσαν, -ἕσθωσαν.
N.—ἔστων for ὄντων is rare. Attic inscriptions have (very rarely) -ντωσαν.
3. Doric has also -ντω, as in παρεχόντω; Aeolic -ντον, as φέροντον. Doric has -σθω (pl.) and -σθων.
ENDINGS OF THE PLUPERFECT, ENDINGS IN σθ
467
Endings of the Pluperfect Active.—-η, -ης, -ει(ν) are derived from -ε(σ)α, -ε(σ)ας, -ε(σ)ε. In later Greek the endings are -ειν, -εις, -ει(ν), -ειτον, -ειτην, -ειμεν, -ειτε, and very late -εισαν.
467 D
Hom. has -εα, -ης, -ει or ει-ν (-εε only in ᾔδεε), -εσαν, and rarely -ον, -ες, -ε; Hdt. has -εα, -εας, -εε (-ει?), -εατε, -εσαν.
468
The Endings -σθε, etc.—The ς of the endings -σθε, -σθω, -σθον, -σθων, -σθαι (409 N.) has no exact parallel in cognate languages, and seems to have spread in Greek from forms like τετέλεσ-θε, ἔζωσ-θε, etc., where a sigma-stem was followed by original -θε.
ENDINGS OF THE INFINITIVE, PARTICIPLE, AND VERBAL ADJECTIVE
469
Infinitive.—The following are the endings added to the tense-stem to make the infinitive.
a. -εν: in present and 2 aorist active of ω-verbs, all futures active. Thus, λύ̄ειν, τῑμᾶν, λιπεῖν, λύ̄σειν, φανεῖν from λύ̄ε-εν, τῑμάε-εν, λιπέ-εν, λύ̄σε-εν, φανέε-εν.
b. -αι: in 1 aor. active, as λῦσαι, παιδεῦσαι, δεῖξαι.
c. -ναι: (1) present, 2 perf. of μι-verbs, the two passive aorists, as τιθέ-ναι, ἑστάναι, λυθῆ-ναι, φανῆ-ναι; (2) perfect active, λελυκέ-ναι, and εἰδέ-ναι from εἰδ-ε (οἶδα).
N. 1.—The ending εναι appears in the 2 aor. of μι-verbs, as δοῦναι from δό-εναι, θεῖναι from θέ-εναι.
d. -σθαι: in other cases.
N. 2.—The infinitives are old cases of substantives, those in -αι being datives, the others locatives.
469 D
-εν appears also in Hom. ἰδέεν (miswritten ἰδέειν). Hom. has no case of -εναι (for ἰέναι write ἴμεναι). For -εν or -ναι Hom. often uses -μεναι (also Aeolic) and -μεν (which is also Doric); both endings show the accent on the preceding syllable, as ζευγνύμεναι, ἔμμεναι ( = εἶναι), φιλήμεναι, στήμεναι, ἑστάμεναι, ἀξέμεναι, ὁμοιωθήμεναι, δαήμεναι; τιθέμεν, ἔμμεν, ἴμεν, θέμεν, ἐλθέμεν, ἀξέμεν. Doric has -μεν in the aorist passive, as αἰσχυνθῆμεν. -μεν is preceded by a short syllable and generally stands before a vowel. -ναι always follows a long vowel. Doric has -ην and -εν in the present. Aeolic has -ην in the present and 2 aorist.
470
Participles.—The stem of the participle is formed by adding the following endings to the tense stem.
a. -ντ-: in all active tenses except the perfect, and in 1 and 2 aor. passive (301).
b. -οτ-: in the perfect active (for -ϝοτ-); masc. -ώς, fem. -υῖα, neut. -ός (301 c).
c. -μενο-: in the middle, and in the passive except in the aorist.
471
Verbal Adjectives.—Most of the verbals in -τός and -τέος are formed by adding these suffixes to the verbal stem of the aorist passive (first or second). Thus, φιλητός, -τέος (ἐ-φιλή-θην); πειστός, -τέος (ἐ-πείσ-θην); τελεστός, -τέος (ἐ-τελέσ-θην); σταλτός, -τέος (ἐ-στάλ-ην); βλητός, -τέος (ἐ-βλή-θην). On the accent of compound verbals, see 425 c.
a. Some are derived from other stem forms (pres. and fut.), as φερ-τός, ί-τέον, δυνα-τός; μενετός (cp. μενέ-ω ῀ μενῶ fut.).
472
Verbals in -τός, -τή, -τόν either (1) have the meaning of a perfect passive participle, as κρυπτός hidden, παιδευτός educated, or (2) express possibility, as νοητός thinkable, ὁρᾱτός visible. Many have either signification, but some are passive only, as ποιητός done. See 425 c. N.
a. Usually passive in meaning are verbals from deponent verbs, as μῑμητός imitated.
b. Usually active in meaning are compounds derived from transitive active verbs; but some intransitive verbs make active verbals, as ῥυτός flowing.
c. Many are active or passive, others only active: μεμπτός blamed, blamable, blaming, πιστός trusting in (rare), trusted, ἄπρᾱκτος doing nothing, not done, φθεγκτός sounding.
473
Verbals in -τέος, -τέᾱ, -τέον express necessity (cp. the Lat. gerundive in -ndus), as δοτέος that must be given, παιδευτέος educandus.
FORMATION OF THE TENSE-SYSTEMS (Ω AND MI-VERBS)
CHANGES IN THE VERB-STEM
474
From the verb-stem (or theme) each tense-stem is formed by the addition of a tense-suffix (455) or of a prefix, or of both. In 475-495 certain modifications of the verb-stem are considered.
475
Variation in Quantity.—Many verbs of the first class (498 ff.) show variation in the quantity of the vowel of the verb-stem, which is commonly long in the present but fluctuates in other tenses, as λύ̄-ω, λύ̄-σω, ἔλῡ-σα, but λέλῠ-κα, λέλῠ-μαι, ἐλύ̆-θην. (Other examples, 500.)
a. Some verbs of the Fourth Class (523 c) lengthen a short vowel of the present in some other tenses. Thus, λαμβάνω (λαβ-) take, λήψομαι, εἴληφα, εἴλημμαι, ἐλήφθην, but 2 aor. ἔλαβον.
476
Vowel Gradation (35, 36).—Verbs of the first class show a variation between a strong grade (or two strong grades) and a weak grade. The weak grades, ῐ, ῠ, ᾰ, appear especially in the second aorist and second passive systems; the corresponding strong grades, ει (οι), ευ (ου), η (ω), appear usually in the other systems (οι, ου, ω, in the second perfect).
a. Expulsion of a short vowel between consonants (so-called syncope 493) produces a weak form of the stem of the same grade as ι, υ, α (36). Cp. γί-γν-ομαι become (aor. ἐ-γεν-ό-μην), ἐ-πτ-ό-μην (pres. πέτ-ο-μαι fly) with ἔ-λιπ-ο-ν, ἔ-φυγ-ο-ν, ἐ-τάκ-η-ν (477 c). So ἔ-σχ-ο-ν got from ἔχ-ω have.
b. α is the weak form of η ( ᾱ ), as in τήκω ἐτάκην; and of ε , when ε has λ, μ, ν, ρ before or after it, as in τρέπω, ἐτράπην (479).
477
The following examples illustrate the principles of 476.
a. ει οι ι: λείπω leave, λείψω, 2 perf. λέλοιπα, λέλειμμαι, ἐλείφθην, 2 aor. ἔλιπομ
N.—The weak form appears when the verb undergoes Attic reduplication (446); as in ἀλείφω anoint, 2 perf. ἀλήλιφα, ἀλήλιμμαι; ἐρείκω tear (Ionic and poetic), 2 perf. ἐρήριγμαι, 2 aor. ἤρικον; ἐρείπω overthrow, Epic ἐρήριπα; but ἐρείδω prop, ἐρήρεισμαι.
b. ευ ου υ: ἐλεύ(θ)σομαι I shall go, 2 perf. ἐλήλυθα (Epic ἐλήλουθα), 2 aor. (Epic ἤλυθον); φεύγω flee, φεύξομαι or φευξοῦμαι, 2 perf. πέφευγα, 2 aor. ἔφυγον; ῥέω flow (for ῥευ-ω, 43), ῥεύσομαι, ἐρρύηκα (ῥυε-), 2 aor. pass. ἐρρύην.
N.—χέω pour (for χευ-ω, 43), ἔχεα (for ἔχευα), has υ in κέχυκα, κέχυμαι, ἐχύθην; σεύω (poetic) urge, ἔσσευα, ἔσσυμαι, ἐσσύθην or ἐσύθην rushed. See also τεύχω in the List of Verbs.
c. η ω α: ῥήγ-νῡμι break, ῥήξω, ἔρρηξα, 2 perf. ἔρρωγα, 2 aor. pass. ἐρράγην; τήκ-ω melt, τήξω, ἔτηξα, τέτηκα, ἐτήχθην, 2 aor. pass. ἐτάκην.
N.—Verbs of class c usually have ᾰ in the 2 aorist, ω in the 2 perfect (if there is one), elsewhere η. ω occurs in the present in τρώγω gnaw, 2 aor. ἔτραγον.
478
Change of ε to ο in the Second Perfect.—In the second perfect ε of the verb-stem is changed to ο.
κλέπ-τ-ω steal κέκλοφα, (ἀπο-) κτείνω kill (κτεν-, 519) -έκτονα, λέγ-ω collect εἴλοχα, πάσχω, fut. πείσομαι (from πενθσομαι, 100) πέπονθα, πέμπ-ω send πέπομφα, στέργ-ω love ἔστοργα, τίκτω beget τέτοκα, τρέπ-ω turn τέτροφα, τρέφ-ω nourish τέτροφα, φθείρ-ω corrupt ἔφθορα. So in γίγ(ε)νομαι become ἐγενόμην, γέγονα; ἐγείρω awaken ἐγρήγορα (446). This change corresponds to that of ει to οι (477 a).
479
Change of ε to α.—In verb-stems containing λ, μ, ν, ρ , an ε is usually changed to α in the first perfect, perfect middle, and second passive systems.
τρέπ-ω turn, τέτραμμαι, ἐτράπην (1 aor. ἐτρέφθην); τρέφ-ω feed, τέθραμμαι, ἐτράφην (1 aor. ἐθρέφθην); σπείρω (σπερ-) sow, ἔσπαρμαι, ἐσπάρην; φθείρω (φθερ-) destroy, ἔφθαρμαι, ἐφθάρην; στέλλω (στελ-) send, ἔσταλκα, ἔσταλμαι, ἐστάλην; τείνω (τεν-) stretch, τέτακα, τέταμαι, ἐτάθην (1 aor.).
a. Also in the 2 aor. pass. of κλέπτω steal (ἐκλάπην), πλέκω weave (ἐπλάκην), τέρπω gladden (Epic ἐτάρπην). Many of these verbs also show ο in the second perfect (478).
480
This ᾰ is also found in the second aorist active and middle of κτείνω kill (ἔκτανον poetic), τέμνω cut (dialectal ἔταμον), τρέπω turn (ἔτραπον poetic), τέρπω gladden (ἐταρπόμην poetic), poetic δέρκομαι see (ἔδρακον). Also πέρθω, πτήσσω.
481
ε in the perfect middle in κέκλεμμαι (κλέπτω steal), πέπλεγμαι (πλέκω weave) is introduced from the present.
482
The ᾰ in 479, 480 is developed from a liquid or nasal brought between two consonants (35 b). Thus, ἔσταλμαι, τέταμαι from ἐστḷμαι, τετṇμαι, ἐτάθην from ἐτṇθην (20 b). Here στλ, τν represent weak grades of the stem.
483
a. The variations ε, ο, α, ω appear in τρέπω turn, τρέψω, ἔτρεψα, 2 perf. τέτροφα, τέτραμμαι, ἐτρέφθην, 2 aor. pass. ἐτράπην; frequentative τρωπάω (867).
b. The variations ε, ο, ω appear in πέτομαι fly, ποτέομαι (poet.) and frequentative πωτάομαι (poet., 867) fly about.
484
η, α in the Second Perfect.—In the second perfect ᾰ of the verb-stem is lengthened to η (ᾱ): θάλλω (θαλ-) bloom, τέθηλα; φαίνω (φαν-) show, πέφηνα; μαίνω (μαν-) madden, μέμηνα; κρά̄ζω (κραγ-) cry out, κέκρᾱγα.
485
Addition of ε.—a. To the verb-stem ε is added to make the present stem in δοκέω seem, fut. δόξω, aor. ἔδοξα (δοκ-); so in γαμέω marry, ὠθέω push. Usually ε is added in some stem other than the present.
b. In many verbs ε is added to the verb-stem to form the tense-stems other than present, second aorist, and second perfect, e.g. μάχομαι (μαχ-) fight, μαχοῦμαι ( = μαχε(σ)ομαι), ἐμαχεσάμην, μεμάχημαι. So ἄχθομαι am grieved, βούλουαι wish, γίγνομαι become, δέω want, (ε᾽)θέλω wish, μέλλω intend, μέλει is a care, οἴομαι think.
c. In some verbs ε is added to form one or more tense-stems, as μένω (μεν-) remain, μεμένηκα (μενε-) to avoid -ν-κα in the perfect. So, νέμω distribute, ἔχω have, οἴχομαι am gone. So also δαρθάνω, ὀσφαίνομαι, ῥέω, στείβω (poetic), τυγχάνω.
d. Some verbs have alternative presents with or without ε. Here sometimes one is used in prose, the other in poetry, sometimes both are poetic or both used in prose. Thus, ἕλκω draw (Hom. also ἑλκέω), ἰάχω ἰαχέω sound (both poetic), μέδω μεδέω (both poetic), ῥί̄πτω and ῥῑπτέω throw (both in prose).
485 D
Some Ionic and poetic verbs adding ε are ἀλέξω, ἄλθομαι, γεγωνέω, γηθέω, δουπέω, εἴρομαι, εἰλέω, ἐπαυρέω, κελαδέω, κέλομαι, κεντέω, κήδω, κτυπέω, κυρέω, λάσκω, μέδομαι, μύζω, πατέομαι, ῥῑγέω, στυγέω, τορέω, χάζω, φιλέω (poetic forms), χρα<*> σμέω; ἀμπλακίσκω, ἀπαφίσκω; Epic ἐδιδάσκησα (διδάσκω), πιθήσω, πεπιθήσω<*> πιθήσᾱς (πείθω), πεφιδήσομαι (φείδομαι).
486
Addition of α and ο.—α or ο is added to the verb-stem in some verbs. Thus, μῡκάομαι bellow (Epic 2 aor. μύκον), ἐμῡκησάμην; ἁλίσκομαι (ἁλ-) be captured, ἁλώσομαι from ἁλο-; ὄμνῡ-μι swear (ὀμ-) ὤμοσα, ὀμώμοκα etc. (ὀμο-); οἴχομαι am gone, Epic οἴχωκα or ᾤχωκα.
486 D
α is added also in βρῡχάομαι, γοάω, δηριάομαι, λιχμάω, μηκάομαι, μητιάω. All these are mainly poetic.
487
Lengthening of Short Final Vowel.—Verb-stems ending in a short vowel generally lengthen that vowel before the tense-suffix in all tenses (except the present and imperfect) formed from them. Here α (except after ε, ι, and ρ ) and ε become η, ο become ω .
τῑμά-ω (τῑμα-) honour, τῑμή-σω, ἐτί̄μη-σα, τετί̄μη-κα, τετί̄μη-μαι, ἐτῑμή-θην; θηρά-ω (θηρα-) hunt, θηρά̄-σω, ἐθήρᾱ-σα, etc. (389); ποιέω (ποιε-) make, ποιή-σω, ἐποίη-σα, πεποίη-κα, πεποίη-μαι, ἐποιή-θην; δηλόω (δηλο-) manifest, δηλώ-σω, ἐδήλω-σα, etc.; ἐάω permit, ἐά̄σω, etc.
a. Note ἀκροά̄σομαι, ἠκροᾱσάμην, etc., from ἀκροάομαι hear; χρήσω, ἔχρησα from χράω give oracles; χρήσομαι, ἐχρησάμην from χράομαι use; τρήσω and ἔτρησα from τετραίνω bore are from τρε-.
b. Verb-stems adding ε or ο (486), and stems apparently receiving a short final vowel by metathesis (128), lengthen the short final vowel, as βούλομαι (βουλ-) wish, βουλή-σομαι (βουλε-, 485), κάμνω (καμ-) am weary, κέκμη-κα (κμα-).
488
Retention of Short Final Vowel.—Many verb-stems ending apparently in a short vowel retain the short vowel, contrary to 487, in some or all the tenses.
γελά̆-ω laugh, γελά̆σομαι, ἐγέλᾰσα, ἐγελά̆σθην; τελέω finish, τελῶ from τελέ-ω, ἐτέλεσα, τετέλεκα, τετέλεσμαι, ἐτελέσθην; ἀνύω accomplish, ἀνύ̆σω, ἤνῠσα, ἤνῠσμαι.
a. The following verbs retain the final short vowel of the verb-stem in all tenses: ἄγα-μαι, αἰδέ-ομαι, ἀκέ-ομαι, ἀλέ-ω, ἀνύ-ω, ἀρέσκω (ἀρε-), ἀρκέ-ω, ἀρό-ω, ἀρύ-ω, γελά-ω, ἐλαύνω (ἐλα-), ἑλκύ-ω, and ἕλκ-ω (ἑλκ-ε-), ἐμέ-ω, ἐρά-ω, ἔρα-μαι (poet.), ἐσθίω (ἐσθι-, ἐδ-ε-, ἐδο-), ζέ-ω, θλά-ω, ἱ̄λάσκομαι (ἱ̄λα-), κλά-ω break, μεθύσκω (μεθυ-), ξέ-ω, πτύ̄-ω (πτῡ-, πτῠ-), σπά-ω, τελέ-ω, τρέ-ω, φθίνω (φθι-), φλά-ω, χαλά-ω, χέ-ω (χυ-). Also all verbs in -αννῡμι and -εννῡμι (except ἔσβηκα from σβέννῡμι extinguish), and ὄλλῡμι (ὀλ-ε-), ὄμνῡμι (ὀμ-, ὀμε-, ὀμο-), στόρνῡμι (στορ-ε).
b. The following verbs keep short the final vowel in the future, but lengthen it in one or more other tense-systems, or have double future forms, one with the short vowel, the other with the long vowel: αἰνέω (αἰνέσω, ᾔνεσα, ᾔνεκα, ᾐνέθην, ᾔνημαι), ἄχθομαι (ἀχθ-, ἀχθε-), καλέ-ω, μάχομαι (μαχ-ε-), μύ̄ω, πί̄νω (πι-, πο-), ποθέ-ω, πονέ-ω, ἐρύ-ω (Epic), φθάνω (φθα-).
c. In some verbs the final short vowel of the verb-stem remains short in one or more tense-stems, but is lengthened in the future, as δέ-ω bind, δήσω, ἔδησα, δέδεκα, δέδεμαι, ἐδέθην. So αἱρέω, βαίνω (βα-), βῡνέω (βυ-), δίδωμι (δο-, δω-), δύνα-μαι, δύ̄ω (δῠ-, δῡ-), εὑρίσκω (εὑρ-ε-), ἔχω (σεχ-, σχε-), θύ̄ω (θῠ-, θῡ-), ἵημι (ἑ-, ἡ-), ἵστημι (στᾰ-, στη-), λύ̄ω (λῠ-, λῡ-), τίθημι (θε-, θη-), τίνω (τι-), φύ̄ω (φῠ-, φῡ-), and the root ἐρ-, ῥε- (εἶπον).
d. Most of the verbs refusing to lengthen a final short vowel have verb-stems originally ending in ς (624); as τελέω from τελεσ-[ιγλιδε]ω (cp. τὸ τέλος). By analogy to these, other verbs retain their short final vowel.
488 D
Here belong Epic ἀκηδέω, κοτέω, λοέω, νεικέω, and the forms ἄασα, -άμην, ἄεσα. ἐρύω shows ἐρῡ- and ἐρῠ-.
489
Insertion of ς.—In the perfect middle and first aorist passive systems, verbs which retain a short final vowel and some others usually insert ς before the personal ending.
Thus, τελέω (488 d), τετέλεσμαι, ἐτελέσθην; σπάω draw, ἔσπασμαι, ἐσπάσθην; κελεύω order, κεκέλευσμαι, ἐκελεύσθην; γιγνώσκω know, ἔγνωσμαι, ἐγνώσθην.
a. If the aorist passive ends in -θην and not in -σθην, the perfect middle does not insert ς. Thus -θην, not -σθην, occurs in all verbs in -ευω except λεύω stone to death, in all verbs in -εω which have -θην preceded by η, in all verbs in -οω except χόω heap up, and in all verbs in -αω except those that retain ᾰ. Stems originally ending in ς (624) properly show ς.
b. If the aorist passive ends in -σθην, the perfect middle may or may not insert ς. Verbs in -αζω and -ιζω (stems -αδ, -ιδ) regularly have ς by 83, 587. In the case of other verbs some always show ς, some never show ς, and some are doubtful. In many cases the later usage with ς has crept into the Mss. of the classical authors (so with the perfect of ἀλέω, βαίνω, δράω, ζώννῡμι, κλείω (κλῄω), σῴζω, χρί̄ω, and with the aorist of παύω).
c. The following verbs show an inserted ς both in the perfect middle and the aorist passive in classical Greek: αἰδέομαι, γιγνώσκω, ἑλκύω, θλάω, θραύω, κελεύω, κλάω, κνα(ί)ω, κορέννῡμι, κυλί̄ω, ξύ̄ω, πίμπλημι, πρί̄ω, πτίττω, σβέννῡμι, σείω, σκεδάννῡμι, σπάω, τανύω, τελέω, τίνω, ὕ̄ω, φλάω, χόω, χρῴζω.
d. The following form only the perfect middle with ς in classical Greek: βῡνέω, ἕννῡμι (εἷμαι, but ἕστο Hom.), ἐρύω, ζώννῡμι, ξέω, *ὀδύσσομαι, πλέω, φλεύω (Hdt.).
e. The following form only the aorist passive with ς in classical Greek: ἄγαμαι, ἀκούω, ἀνύω, ἀρέσκω, ἄχθομαι, γελάω, δαίνῡμι, δράω, ἐλύω, ἔραμαι, ἐράω, ἱ̄λάσκομαι, κλείω (κλῄω), λεύω, μεθύσκω, μιμνῄσκω, ὀί̄ω, ὄνομαι (Hdt.), παίω, παλαίω, πετάννῡμι, πίμπρημι, ῥαίω, ῥώννῡμι, στόρνῡμι, χαλάω, χράομαι, χράω, χρἱ̄ω.
f. Only in post-classical Greek is ς attested both in the perfect middle and aorist passive in ἀρκέω, ζέω, κλαίω, (ἀπο) λαύω, λόω, ὄλλῡμι, πνέω, πταίω, σάω, ψαύω. —Only in the perfect middle: ἄγαμαι, ἀκούω, ἀνύω, γελάω, δράω, ἐμέω, ἔραμαι, κεράννῡμι, κολούω, μεθύσκω, ναίω, νάω spin, ὀπυίω, παίω, παλαίω, πετάννῡμι (and in Ionic), πίμπρημι (Aristotle; earlier perf. πέπρημαι), στόρνῡμι, χαλάω, ψαύω. When the perfect middle is not attested in classical Greek some at least of the ς forms from the above verbs may represent classical usage, provided the aorist passive has -σθην.—Only in the aorist passive: ἀκέομαι, ἀλέω, ἀρύω, βαίνω, βῡνέω, ψεύω, εἰλύω, ἐλαύνω, ἔρυμαι, ἐρύω, ζώννῡμι, καίω, ξέω, μάχομαι, νέω heap up, *ὀδύσσομαι, πλέω, πτύω, σῴζω, φθάνω.
g. Some verbs have double forms (one of which may be disputed) in the classical period: δύναμαι : ἐδυνήθην and ἐδυνάσθην (chiefly Ionic and poetic); κε<*>άννῡμι : ἐκρά̄θην and ἐκεράσθην; κρούω: κέκρουμαι better than κέκρουσμαι; νέω: νἑνημαι and νένησμαι; ὄμνῡμι: ὀμώμομαι (and ὀμώμοσται), ὠμόθην and ὠμόσθην.— Dialectal or dialectal and late are ἐβώσθην for ἐβοήθην (βοάω), ἐλήλασμαι ἠλάσθην (ἐλαύνω), κεκόρημαι for κεκόρεσμαι (κορέννῡμι), πεπέτασμαι (πετάννῡμι).
h. Some verb-stems ending in ν show -σ-μαι in the perfect middle: ἡδύ̄νω, μιαίνω, παχύ̄νω, περαίνω, ὑφαίνω, φαίνω. Thus πέφασμαι, ἥδυσμαι, μεμίασμαι. Dialectal or late: θηλύ̄νω, κοιλαίνω, λεπτύ̄νω, λῡμαίνομαι, ξαίνω, ξημαίνω, σημαίνω. On -μμαι see 579.
i. Observe that some vowel verbs inserting ς do not lengthen the final vowel of the verb-stem in any tense (γελάω, τελέω); and that some not inserting ς (δέω, θύ̄ω, λύ̄ω) do not lengthen the final vowel in some tenses. ἐπ-αινέω commend and παρ-αινέω exhort do not insert ς and have the short vowel in all tenses.
j. The insertion of ς in the perfect middle started in the 3 sing. and 2 pl. Before the endings -ται and -σθε, ς was retained in the case of verbs with stems originally ending in ς (as τελέω), or where ς developed from τ, δ, θ (98) before -ται, -σθε (πέπεισται from πεπειθται). See 409 b, 624. In all cases where the verb-stem did not originally end in ς, the sigma forms are due to analogy; as in κεκέλευσμαι (κελεύω), πέπλησμαι (πίμπλημι), ἔγνωσμαι (γιγνώσκω).
489 D
Hom. has original forms in πεφραδμένος (φραζω), κεκορυθμένος (κορύττω), ἐπέπιθμεν (πείθω).
490
Addition of θ.—The present stems of some poetical verbs are made by the addition of θ; as νή-θ-ω spin, πλή-θ-ω am full (πίμ-πλη-μι). Cp. 832.
a. Most of the indicative forms seem to be imperfects, but since some have the force of aorists (e.g., Soph. O. C. 862, 1334, O. T. 650), in certain editions they are regarded as second aorists, and the infinitives and participles are accented (against the Mss.) on the ultima (διωκαθεῖν, εἰκαθών).
490 D
A few verbs make poetic forms by adding -θόε- to the present or the 2 aorist tense-stem, in which α or ε (υ once) takes the place of the thematic vowel of the simple verb. Such forms are chiefly Homeric, but occur sometimes in Attic poetry, very rarely in prose. Thus, φλεγέθω (φλέγω burn), ἐδιώκαθοι (διώκω pursue), ἔσχεθον (ἔχω have). θ-forms are found in moods other than the indicative (εἰκάθω, εἰκάθοιμι, ἀμῡνάθατε, διωκάθειν, εἰκάθων).
491
Omission of ν.—Some verbs in -νω drop the ν of the verbal stem in the first perfect, perfect middle, and first passive systems.
κρί̄νω (κριν-), judge, κέκρι-κα, κέκρι-μαι, ἐκρί-θην. So also κλί̄νω incline, πλύ̄νω wash.
492
Metathesis.—The verbal stem may suffer metathesis (128).
a. In the present: θνῄσκω die, 2 aor. ἔθανον, perf. τέθνηκα.
b. In other tenses: βάλλω throw (βαλ-), perf. βέβληκα, ἐβλήθην (βλη-); τέμνω cut (τεμ-ν-), 2 aor. ἔτεμον, perf. τέτμηκα; δέρκομαι (δερκ-) see, 2 aor. ἔδρακον; τέρπω delight, 2 aor. pass. ἐτάρπην and ἐτράπην (both poetical).
492 D
See the List of Verbs for poetical forms of ἁμαρτάνω, δαρθάνω, θρά̄ττω, βλώσκω, δαμάζω, δέμω, πορ-.
493
Syncope.—Some verbs suffer syncope (44 b).
a. In the present: πί̄πτω fall for πι-π(ε)τ-ω, ἴσχω hold for (σ)ι-σ(ε)χ-ω (125 e), μίμνω for μι-μεν-ω.
b. In the future: πτήσομαι from πέτομαι fly.
c. In the second aorist: ἔσχον for ἐ-σεχ-ον from ἔχω (ἐχ- for σεχ-, 125 e).
d. In the perfect: πέ-πτα-μαι have expanded from πετά-ννῡμι.
N.—Syncopated forms are properly weak stems (476 a).
493 D
See the List of Verbs for poetical forms of πέλω, πελάζω, μέλω, μέλομαι; also ἔτετμον found, ἔπεφνον slew.
494
Reduplication.—The verb-stem may be reduplicated.
a. In the present with ι: γι-γνώ-σκω (γνω-) know, τί-θη-μι place, ἵ-στη-μι set, δί-δω-μι give. The present reduplication may be carried over to other tenses: διδά (κ) σκω teach (99), διδάξω. With ε: τε-τραίνω bore.
b. In the second aorist: ἄγω (ἀγ-) lead, ἤγ-αγ-ον; ἕπομαι follow, ἑσπόμην (for σε-σπ-ομην).
c. Regularly with ε in the perfect.
494 D
Poetic ἀραρίσκω (ἀρ) fit, and the intensives (867) μαρ-μαίρω (μαρ-) flash, πορ-φύ̄ρω (φυρ-) grow red, παμ-φαίνω (φαν-) shine brightly, ποι-πνύω (πνυ-) puff. Also with η in δη-δέκ-το greeted (Mss. δείδεκτο).
495
Iterative Imperfects and Aorists in -σκόε-.—Homer and Herodotus have iterative imperfects and aorists in -σκον and -σκομην denoting a customary or repeated past action. Homer has iterative forms in the imperfect and 1 and 2 aorist active and middle. Herodotus has no iteratives in the 1 aorist and few in the 2 aorist; and only from ω-verbs. Herodotus regularly and Homer usually omit the augment. -αω verbs have -αα-σκον or -α-σκον; -εω verbs -εε-σκον, in Hom. also -ε-σκον. -α-σκον is rare in other verbs than those in -αω. The vowel preceding the suffix is always short.
a. The suffix -σκόε- is added to the tense-stem. Imperf.: φεύγε-σκε (φεύγω flee), ἔχε-σκον (ἔχω have), νῑκά-σκομεν (νῑκάω conquer), γοάα-σκε (γοάω bewail), κρύπτα-σκε (κρύπτω hide), καλέε-σκον (καλέω call), ζωννύσκετο (ζώννῡμι gird) ; 1 aor.: ἀπο-τρέψα-σκε (ἀποτρέπω turn away); 2 aor.: φύγε-σκε, στά-σκε stood.
Herbert Weir Smyth.
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