SUBSTANTIVES

241

Masculine and feminine stems not ending in ν, ρ, ς and οντ, add ς.

a. A labial (π, β, φ) + ς becomes ψ (97).

b. A dental (τ, δ, θ) + ς becomes σς (98), which is reduced to ς (107).

c. A palatal (κ, γ, χ) or κτ ¨ ς becomes ξ (97).

(The same changes occur in the dative plural.)

γύ̄ψ vulture γῡπ-ός, Ἄραψ Arab Ἄραβ-ος; κακότης baseness κακότητ-ος, ἐλπίς hope ἐλπίδ-ος, ὄρνῑς bird ὄρνῑθ-ος; φύλαξ guard φύλακ-ος, μάστῐξ scourge μάστῑγ-ος, σάλπιγξ trumpet σάλπιγγ-ος, ὄνυξ nail ὄνυχ-ος, νύξ night νυκτ-ός; ἅλ-ς salt ἁλ-ός, ἰχθύ̄ς fish ἰχθύ-ος; ἐλέφᾱς elephant ἐλέφαντ-ος.

242

Masculine and feminine stems ending in ν, ρ, and ς reject ς and lengthen a preceding vowel if short (ε to η, ο to ω).

δαίμων divinity δαίμον-ος, χειμών winter χειμῶν-ος, λιμήν harbour λιμέν-ος, Ἕλλην Greek Ἕλλην-ος; ῥήτωρ orator ῥήτορ-ος, ἀήρ air ἀέρ-ος, φώρ thief φωρ-ός, τριήρης trireme (stem τριηρεσ-, 263 b), αἰδώς shame (stem αἰδοσ-, 266). On μήν see 259 end. For stems in ες, nominative -ος, see 263 c.

243

Masculine stems in οντ drop τ (133) and lengthen ο to ω: γέρων old man γέροντ-ος, λέων lion λέοντ-ος.

243 D

Hdt. has ὀδών tooth ὀδόντ-ος. Attic ὀδούς has the inflection of a participle in -ους (307).

244

Neuters show the pure stem, from which final τ and other consonants not standing at the end of a word (133) are dropped: ἅρμα chariot ἅρματ-ος, πρᾶγμα thing πρά̄γματ-ος, γάλα milk γάλακτ-ος (133 b).

245

Summary.—ς is added to stems ending in a labial, dental, palatal, and in αντ, εντ, υντ; to some stems in ν (as εἷς one ἑν-ός, μέλᾱς black μέλαν-ος); to stems in ευ, αυ, ου; and to masc. and fem. stems in ι and υ. ς is not added to most stems ending in ν, nor to those in οντ, ρ, ες, ας, ος, υ (neut.), ω(ϝ), ο(ι).

246

Masculines and feminines usually add α to stems ending in a consonant; ν to stems ending in ι or υ.

γῦπ-α, ὄνυχ-α, ἐλέφαντ-α, λιμέν-α, ῥήτορ-α, λέοντ-α; πόλι-ν, ἰχθύ̄-ν, βοῦ-ν from πόλι-ς city, ἰχθύ̄-ς fish, βοῦ-ς ox, cow. Stems in ευ take α (275).

247

Barytone stems of two syllables ending in ιτ, ιδ, ῑθ usually drop the dental and add ν.

χάρις grace (stem χαριτ-) χάριν, ἔρις strife (ἐριδ-) ἔριν, ὄρνῑς bird (ὀρνῑθ-) ὄρνῑν. So εὔελπις hopeful (εὐελπιδ-) εὔελπιν (292). Oxytones end in α: ἐλπίδ-α, σφρᾱγῖδα (σφρᾱγί̄ς seal).

a. κλεῖς key (κλειδ-), Old Att. κλῄς, has κλεῖν (late κλεῖδα), acc. pl. κλεῖς (late κλεῖδας).

247 D

The acc. in α (χάριτα, ἔριδα, ὄρνῑθα) occurs in Hom., Hdt., and in Attic poetry. So κόρυθα and κόρυν (κόρυς helmet) in Hom.

248

The vocative of masculines and feminines is usually the pure stem.

πόλι (πόλι-ς city), βοῦ (βοῦ-ς ox, cow), Σώκρατες (Σωκράτης). Stems in ιδ and ντ cannot retain final δ and τ (133), hence Ἄρτεμι from Ἄρτεμις (Ἀρτεμιδ-), παῖ from παῖς boy, girl (παιδ-), νεᾶνι from νεᾶνις maiden (νεᾱνιδ-); γέρον from γέρων old man (γεροντ-), γίγαν from γίγᾱς giant (γιγαντ-).

249

The vocative is the same as the nominative:

a. In stems ending in a stop (16) consonant (except those in ιτ, ιδ, ῑθ; ντ in nouns): ὦ φύλαξ watchman. (Αἴᾱς Ajax (Αἰαντ-) is nom. and voc.)

b. In oxytone stems ending in a liquid and not taking ς to form their nominative (242): ὦ ποιμήν shepherd (ποιμεν-); but ἀνήρ man, πατήρ father have ἄνερ, πάτερ (262). Barytones use the stem as the vocative: δαῖμον, ῥη̈τορ from δαίμων divinity, ῥήτωρ orator.

c. In all participles.

249 D

Hom. has ἄνα oh king as well as ἄναξ (ἀνακτ-); Αἶαν from Αἰαντ-. Πουλυδάμᾱ, Λᾱοδάμᾱ (from stems in αντ) are later forms due to analogy.

250

The dative plural adds -σι to the stem.

Ἄραψ (Ἀραβ-) Ἄραψι, μάστῐξ (μαστῑγ-) μάστιξι, φύλαξ (φυλακ-) φύλαξι, σῶμα (σωματ-) σώμασι (98), ἐλπίς (ἐλπιδ-) ἐλπίσι (98), ὄρνῑς (ὀρνῑθ-) ὄρνῑσι (98), ἐλέφᾱς (ἐλεφαντ-) ἐλέφᾱσι, θήρ (θηρ-) θηρσί.

a. Stems in ντ drop ντ and lengthen the preceding vowel (100): λέων (λεοντ-) λέουσι, γίγᾱς (γιγαντ-) γίγᾱσι.

b. Stems in ν drop ν without lengthening the preceding vowel (if short): δαίμων (δαιμον-) δαίμοσι, ποιμήν (ποιμεν-) ποιμέσι, φρήν mind (φρεν-) φρεσί.

N.—Strictly ν is not dropped, but since the stem of the dat. pl. is weak in form (253 a) the ν stood originally between two consonants and should become α (35 b). Thus, φρασί in Pindar is for φρṇσι. Attic φρεσί borrows its ε from φρένες, φρενῶν, etc. So ποιμέσι, for ποιμασι from ποιμṇσι, because of ποιμένες, etc.

c. ρς is not changed to ρρ (79 a).

250 D

1. Hom. has only -οιιν in the gen. and dat. dual.

2. In the dat. pl. Hom. has -σι (βέλεσ-σι, δέπασ-σι), and in a few cases -εσι, reduced from -εσσι (ἀνάκτ-εσι); -σσι occurs after vowels (γένυ-σσι; for γένῡσι?). -εσσι was added both to stems not ending in ς (πόδ-εσσι, βό-εσσι, ἄνδρ-εσσι, ὀΐ-εσσι, 274 D.), and even to stems in ς (έπέ-εσσι). Hom. has also ποσσί, ποσί; Pind. χαρίτεσσι, θέμισσι. Tragedy has this -εσσι (κορύθ-εσσι), and so Aeolic, and the Doric of Corinth.

251

a. The ending -ας is produced by adding νς to the stem (ν becoming α between two consonants by 35 b). Thus φύλακ-ας is from φυλακ-ṇς. This -ας may be added even to ι and υ stems: Hom. πόλι-ας, ἰχθύ-ας, Hdt. πήχε-ας. Hom. πόλῑς is from πόλι-νς (Cretan).

b. The nominative pl. masc. or fem. is sometimes used instead of the accusative pl.: τριήρεις 264, πόλεις and πήχεις 268.

252

Accent.—Stems of one syllable accent the case ending in the genitive and dative of all numbers; and -ων and -οιν take the circumflex accent. Thus, φλέψ vein, φλεβ-ός, φλεβ-ῶν; θήρ wild beast, θηρ-ός, θηρ-οῖν, θηρ-ῶν; θρίξ hair, τριχ-ός, τριχ-ῶν.

a. Exceptions. The ending of the gen. dual and pl. is not accented in the case of ὁ, ἡ παῖς boy, girl, ὁ δμώς slave, ὁ θώς jackal, ὁ Τρώς Trojan, ἡ δᾴς torch, τὸ φῶς light, τὸ οὖς ear. Thus, παίδων (but παισί), Τρώων, ὤτων, etc. So ὤν being, ὄντων (305).

b. A trisyllabic form, if contracted, does not show the accent on the case ending: ἦρ-ος for ἔαρ-ος, ἦρ-ι for ἔαρ-ι, from τὸ ἔαρ spring.

253

Variation of Stem Formation.—Many words of the third declension show traces of an original variation of stem that is due to the influence of a shifting accent which is seen in some of the cognate languages. In Greek this variation has often been obscured by the analogy of other forms. Thus πατέρων, in comparison with Hom. πατρῶν, Lat. patrum, gets its ε from πατέρες.

a. Variation of stem is seen in ων, ον (259); ηρ, ερ, ρα (262); ης, εσ- (264); in stems in ι, ει (270); υ, ευ (270); ευ, ηυ (278); οι, ω (279), etc. Words in ων, ην show a middle form ον, εν, and a weak form in ν (250 N.).

b. Several words ending in ρ show a parallel stem in τ; thus, ὕδωρ water ὕδατ-ος, ἧπαρ liver ἥπατ-ος, φρέᾱρ tank φρέᾱτ-ος (but poet. δάμᾱρ wife δάμαρτ-ος). The reason for this change is uncertain, but ατ is derived from ντ after a consonant (35 b): ὑδντος, ἡπντος, cp. Lat. jecinoris, nom. jecur. ἧπαρ is probably derived from ἡπαρτ (133).

c. -ατος was transferred from such genitives as ὀνόματος, ἥπατος to other neuter words: γόνατος from γόνυ knee, instead of γονϝ-ος, whence Hom. γουνός. φῶς light, for φάος (stem φαεσ-), has taken on the τ inflection (φωτ-ός, etc.).

d. Neuter stems in -ες show -ος in the nominative. Cp. ἔτος year (stem ἐτεσ-) with Lat. vetus, veter-is (for vetes-is).

254

Variation of Quantity.—a. In poetry the quantity of ι in words in -ις may differ from that of prose; as in tragedy ὄρνῐς bird, κόνῑς dust, ὄφῑς serpent (in prose ὄρνῑς, κόνῐς, ὄφῐς); so in Pind. ἰχθύ̆ς (prose ἰχθύ̄ς) fish.

b. κῆρῠξ herald, Φοῖνῐξ Phoenician, μάστῐξ whip have long υ and ι in the oblique cases except the dat. pl. (κήρῡκος, Φοίνῑκι, μάστῑγα, etc.). ἀλώπηξ fox has ε in the gen. ἀλώπεκος, etc., by analogy to such words as ποιμήν, ποιμένος (ἀλωπήκων occurs in Ionic). πῦρ fire has πῠρός, πῠρί, etc. (285, 25).

255

Gender.—The gender of substantives of the third declension is frequently known by the last letters of the stem.

1. Masculine are stems ending in

a. ντ : ὀδούς tooth (ὀδοντ-), δράκων serpent (δρακοντ-).

b. ητ, ωτ : πένης day-labourer (πενητ-), γέλως laughter (γελωτ-).

Exceptions. Stems in -τητ (2, b): ἡ ἐσθής dress (ἐσθητ-), τὸ φῶς light (φωτ-).

c. ν: λειμών meadow (λειμον-).

Exceptions. Fem.: stems in γον, δον (2, a), and φρήν mind (φρεν-), ἴ̄ς strength (ἰ̄ν-), ῥί̄ς nose (ῥῑν-), ἀκτί̄ς ray (ἀκτῑν-), γλωχί̄ς arrow-point (γλωχῑν-), ὠδί̄ς birth-pang (ὠδῑν-), εἰκών image (εἰκον-), ἠϊών shore (ἠϊον-), χθών earth (χθόν-), χιών snow (χιον-), ἀλκυών halcyon (ἀλκυον-), etc., ὁ, ἡ χήν goose (χην-).

d. ρ : θήρ wild beast (θηρ-), φώρ thief (φωρ-).

Exceptions. Fem.: χείρ hand (χερ-), κήρ fate (κηρ-), γαστήρ belly (γαστερ-); neut.: stems in αρ (3, a), πῦρ fire (πυρ-), and the indeclinable πέλωρ monster, τέκμωρ (Hom) token, etc.

e. ευ : γονεύς parent, φονεύς murderer.

2. Feminine are stems ending in

a. γον, δον: σταγών drop (σταγον-), χελῑδών swallow (χελῑδον-).

b. τητ, δ, θ: κακότης baseness (κακοτητ-), ἔρις strife (ἐριδ-), ἐλπίς hope (ἐλπιδ-).

Exceptions. Masc.: πούς foot (ποδ-), ὁ, ἡ ὄρνῑς bird (ὀρνῑθ-).

c. ι, υ with nom. in -ις, -υς: πόλι-ς city, ἰσχύ̄-ς strength.

Exceptions. Masc.: ὄφι-ς serpent, ἔχι-ς viper, ὄρχι-ς testicle; βότρυ-ς cluster of grapes, ἰχθύ̄-ς fish, μῦ-ς mouse, νέκυ-ς corpse, στάχυ-ς ear of corn, πέλεκυ-ς axe, πῆχυ-ς fore-arm; and ὁ, ἡ σῦ-ς or ὗ-ς swine.

d. οι : ἠχώ echo, πειθώ pèrsuasion.

3. Neuter are stems ending in

a. ατ, αρ: πρᾶγμα thing (πρᾱγματ-), νέκταρ nectar (νεκταρ-). But ὁ ψά̄ρ starling.

b. ας, ες (with nom. in -ος): κρέας flesh (κρεασ-), γενος race (γενεσ-).

c. ι, υ with nom. in -ι, -υ: σίνᾱπι mustard, ἄστυ city.

N.—No stem ending in π, β, φ or κ, γ, χ is neuter.

256

Masculine: κλώψ thief (κλωπ-), γύ̄ψ vulture (γῡπ-), Ἄραψ Arab (Ἀραβ-), θώρᾱξ breastplate (θωρᾱκ-), ὄνυξ nail (ὀνυχ-). Feminine: κλῖμαξ ladder (κλῑμακ-), μάστῐξ whip (μαστῑγ-, 254 b), σάλπιγξ trumpet (σαλπιγγ-), κατῆλιψ upper story (κατηλιφ-).

A. MASCULINES AND FEMININES

Masculine: γέλως laughter (γελωτ-), ἐλέφᾱς elephant (ἐλεφαντ-), λέων lion (λεοντ-), ὀδούς tooth (ὀδοντ-), voc. ὀδούς. Feminine: ἐσθής clothing (ἐσθητ-), ἔρις strife (ἐριδ-), ἀσπίς shield (ἀσπιδ-), πατρίς fatherland (πατριδ-), κόρυς helmet (κορυθ-).

a. In πούς foot, Doric πώς (stem ποδ-) ου is irregular.

257 D

χρώς skin (χρωτ-) and some other words often show a stem with no τ. Thus, Hom. χροός, χροΐ (also Hdt.), χρόα, and also, but rarely, χρωτός, χρῶτα. Hom. has ἱδρῷ, γέλῳ, ἔρῳ for Att. ἱδρῶτι (ἱδρώς sweat), γέλωτι (γέλως laughter), ἔρωτι (ἔρως love). Hom. has also acc. ἱδρῶ, γέλω (or γέλων), ἔρον (from ἔρος). Some stems in -ιδ are generally ι stems in Ionic, Doric, and Aeolic: Θέτις, Θέτιος (but Θέτιδος Θ 370), Πάρις, Πάριος.

258

ὄνομα name (ὀνοματ-), στόμα mouth (στοματ), μέλι honey (μελιτ-), γάλα milk (γαλακτ-, 133 b), φῶς light (φωτ-), κῆρ heart (for κηρδ-, 133 b).

a. Stems in ας (264) drop ς before the endings and contract αο, αω to ω, and αα to ᾱ.

b. κέρας, meaning wing of an army, is declined from the stem κερασ- (ἐπὶ κέρως in single file); in the meaning horn, from the stem κερᾱτ-.

c. For the inflection ἧπαρ, ἥπατ-ος, see 253 b. Of like inflection are ἄλειφαβ fat, φρέᾱρ cistern, δέλεαρ bait, and poetic ἦμαρ day, εἶδαρ food, πεῖραρ end.

d. τέρας, κέρας form their nominative from a stem in ς. So, too, πέρας end πέρατ-ος, φῶς light (contracted from φάος) φωτ-ός (253 c).

258 D

The other dialects rarely show the τ forms. Hom. has τέρας, τέραα (τείρεα), τεράων, τεράεσσι, κέρας, κέραος, κέραι, κέρα, κεράων, κέρασι and κεράεσσι. Hdt. has ε for α before a vowel (cp. 264 D. 3) in τέρεος, τέρεα (also τέρατος, τέρατα), κέρεος, κέρει, κέρεα, κερέων. Hom. has πεῖρας πείρατος for πέρας πέρατος. From φάος (φόως), whence φῶς, he has dat. φάει, pl. φά̄εα. φάος is used in tragedy.

259

262

Several words in -τηρ show three forms of stem gradation: -τηρ strong, -τερ middle, -τρ weak. ρ between consonants becomes ρα (35 b). The vocative has recessive accent. ἀνήρ man has the weak form in ρ even before vowels; between ν and ρ, δ is inserted by 130.

a. The accent in the weak forms of μήτηρ, θυγάτηρ in the gen. and dat. sing. follows that of πατρός, πατρί.

b. γαστήρ belly, has γαστρός, etc. Δημήτηρ is inflected Δήμητρος, Δήμητρι, Δήμητρα, Δήμητερ.

c. ἀστήρ star has gen. ἀστέρος, dat. ἀστέρι, dat. pl. ἀστράσι.

262 D

Poetry often has πατέρος, πατέρι, μητέρος, μητέρι, etc. Poetical are πατρῶν; θυγατέρι, θύγατρα, θύγατρες, θυγατρῶν, θυγατέρεσσι, θύγατρας, γαστέρος, etc.; and ἀνέρος, ἀνέρι, ἀνέρα, ἀνέρες, ἀνέρων, ἀνέρας all with long α. Hom. has ἄνδρεσσι and ἀνδράσι (with -ασι only in this word), Δήμητρος and Δημήτερος.

263

Stems in sigma are contracted where ς falls out between the vowel of the stem and the vowel of the ending (120). Thus, γένος race, gen. γενε(σ)-ος γένους, dat. γενε(σ)-ι γένει, cp. Lat. genus gener-is (for genes-is), gener-i.

a. The masculine and feminine accusative plural, when it is contracted, borrows the form of the contracted nominative plural. -εις is not derived from -εας. In the dative plural the union of ς of the stem and ς of the ending produces σς, which is reduced to ς without lengthening the preceding vowel (107).

b. Masculine stems in ες with the nominative in -ης are proper names; the feminine τριήρης trireme is an adjective used substantively (properly, triply fitted; ἡ τριήρης (ναῦς) ‘ship with three banks of oars’).

c. Neuters with stems in ες have -ος in the nominative, accusative, and vocative singular; neuters with stems in ας have -ας in these cases.

d. Some stems in ας have also a stem in ατ or ᾱτ (258).

264

Διογένης Diogenes, Ἱπποκράτης Hippocrates. Neuters: ἔτος year, εὖρος width, ξίφος sword, τεῖχος wall, γῆρας old age, κρέας flesh (for κέρας horn see 258).

a. Proper names in -ης have recessive accent in the vocative.

b. Proper names in -γένης, -κράτης, -μένης, -φάνης, etc., may have an accus. in -ην derived from the first declension. Thus, Σωκράτην, Ἀριστοφάνην, like Ἀτρείδην (222, 282 N.). But names in -κλῆς (265) have only -εᾱ.

c. Proper names in -ης often show -εος, -εα in the lyric parts of tragedy.

d. Neuters in -ος often show open forms (especially -εων) in Attic poetry. -εων is frequent in Xenophon.

e. τριήροιν and τριήρων have irregular accent by analogy to the other forms.

f. A preceding ρ does not prevent the contraction of εα to η, as ὄρη from τὸ ὄρος mountain (cp. 31. 1).

g. The dat. sing. of ας stems is properly -ᾰι; but -ᾳ is often written on the authority of the ancient grammarians. This ᾳ may possibly be due to the analogy of ᾳ in ᾱ stems.

264 D

1. Hom. uses the open or the closed forms according to convenience. -ευς occurs in the gen. of a few words in -ος (βέλευς); -εων is often a monosyllable (60), as is the accus. sing. and pl. -εα from nom. -ης or -ος. Hdt. has open -εος, -εα, -εες (?), -εα. In the dat. pl. Hom. has βέλεσσι, βέλεσι, and βελέεσσι (250 D. 2) from βέλος missile.

2. Stems in ας are generally uncontracted in Hom. (γήραος, γήραϊ), but we find -αι in the dat. sing., κρεῶν and κρειῶν in the gen. pl. In the nom. and acc. pl. α is short (γέρᾰ), and this is sometimes the case even in Attic poetry (κρέᾰ). The explanation is obscure (γέρᾰ does not stand for γέρα᾽). Hom. has δέπασσι and δεπάεσσι (δέπας cup).

3. In Hom. and Hdt. several words in -ας show ε for α before a vowel (cp. ὁρέω in Hdt. for ὁράω). Hom.: οὖδας ground, οὔδεος, οὔδεϊ and οὔδει; κῶας fleece, κώεα, κώεσι; Hdt.: γέρας, γέρεος, but κρέας, κρέως, κρεῶν. In Attic poetry: βρέτας image, βρέτεος, βρέτει, etc. Cp. 258 D.

265

When -εσ- of the stem is preceded by ε, the forms are inflected as follows: τὸ δέος fear (δεεσ-), Περικλῆς from Περικλέης Pericles (Περικλεεσ-):

a. After ε, εα contracts to ᾱ (56). On the contraction of -εεος, see 55.

b. δέος is uncontracted because the form was originally δε[ιγλιδε]ος (58).

265 D

Hom. has κλέα (for κλέα᾽?), and from -κλῆς: -ῆος, -ῆι; Hdt.: -έος (for -έεος), -έϊ, -εᾰ. For -ῆος, -ῆα the open -έεος, -έεα may be read. Attic poetry often has the open forms -έης (also in prose inscrip.), -έει, -εες.

266

ἡ αἰδώς shame is the only ος stem in Attic. It is inflected in the singular only. Nom. αἰδώς , Gen. αἰδοῦς (αἰδό-ος), Dat. αἰδοῖ (αἰδό-ι), Acc. αἰδῶ (αἰδό-α), Voc. αἰδώς .

266 D

Hom. and Ion. ἡ ἠώς dawn (ἠοσ-) is inflected like αἰδώς. For αἰδοῦς, ἠῶ we may read αἰδόος, ἠόα and some other open forms in Hom. The Attic form ἕως is declined according to 238; but the accus. is ἕω (238 d). Hom. has ἱδρόα from ἱδρώς sweat (usually a τ stem). Cp. 257 D.

267

Stems in ωϝ have lost vau and appear as ω stems. This ω contracts with the case endings in the dative and accusative singular and in the nominative and accusative plural. Stems in ωϝ are masculine.

Τρώς Trojan (252 a), πάτρως father's brother, μήτρως mother's brother, δμως slave (poetic, cp. 252 a).

a. Forms of the Attic second declension (237) are gen. ἥρω, Μί̄νω, acc. ἥρων; dual ἥρῳν (on an inscription).

267 D

Hom. has ἥρωϊ (for ἥρῳ read ἡρω̆ϊ), ἥρωα (or ἥρω᾽), ἥρωες ἥρωας, Μί̄νωα and Μί̄νω. Hdt. has the gen. Μί̄νω and Μί̄νωος, the acc. πάτρων, ἥρων, but μήτρωα.

268

Most stems in ι and some stems in υ show the pure stem vowel only in the nominative, accusative, and vocative singular. In the other cases they show an ε in place of ι and υ, and -ως instead of -ος in the genitive singular. Contraction takes place when this ε stands before ε, ι, or α of the case ending.

268 D

1. ι stems. a. Doric, Aeolic, and New Ionic retain the ι stem without variation in all cases: πόλις, πόλιος, πόλῑ (from πολι-ι) and rarely πόλει in Hdt., πόλιν, πόλι, πόλιες, πολίων, πόλισι, πόλῑς from πόλινς (Cretan), and πόλιας.

b. Hom. has πόλις, πόλιος, πόλῑ, πόλει or -ιϊ (for which some read πόλῑ, as κόνῑ; πόσεϊ is correct) and πτόλεϊ, πόλιν, πόλι; pl. πόλιες, πολίων, πόλεσι (some read instead πόλισι) or πολίεσσι (250 D. 2) ἐπάλξεσιν, πόλῑς or πόλιας (πόλεις appears in some texts).

c. Hom. has also forms with η: πόληος, πόληι, πόληες, πόληας.

2. υ stems. a. Ionic, Doric, and Aeolic have the open forms πήχεες, ἄστεϊ, ἄστεα; in the gen. sing. -ος, never -ως (πήχεος, ἄστεος). In the dat. sing. of words of more than one syllable Hom. has -υϊ or -υι, as νέκυι (νέκυς corpse), but Hdt. does not show -υι.

b. The gen. pl. has the regular accent (πηχέων, ἀστέων). On the dat. πελέκεσσι, νέκυσσι, πίτυσσι (some would read νέκῡσι, πίτῡσι), νεκύεσσι, see 250 D. 2. Hom. has accus. ἰχθῦς and ἰχθύας, Hdt. has ἰχθύας very rarely.

269

Stems in ι and υ are of two kinds:—

1. a. Stems in ι, with genitive in -εως, as (masc.) μάντις seer, ἔχις viper; (fem.) πόλις city, ποίησις poetry, δύναμις power, στάσις faction, ὕβρις outrage. Neuter nominatives in -ι are not used in classical prose.

b. Stems in ι, with genitive in -ιος, as ὁ κί̄ς weevil, gen. κῑ-ός, dat. κῑ-ί; and so in proper names in -ις, as Λύγδαμις Lygdamis, gen. Λυγδάμιος.

2. a. Stems in υ, with genitive in -υος; as (masc.) μῦς mouse, βότρυς cluster of grapes, ἰχθύ̄ς fish; (fem.) δρῦς oak, ὀφρύ̄ς eyebrow, ἰσχύ̄ς force.

b. Stems in υ, with genitive in -εως: (masc.) πῆχυς forearm, πέλεκυς axe; (neut.) ἄστυ town.

N. 1.—In the nom., acc., and voc. sing. barytone stems in υ have short υ; oxytone substantives (usually) and monosyllables have ῡ; and monosyllables circumflex the ῡ (σῦς, σῦν, σῦ).

N. 2.—ἡ ἔγχελυς eel follows ἰχθύ̄ς in the singular (ἐγχέλυ-ος, etc.), but πῆχυς in the plural (ἐγχέλεις, etc.). But this does not hold for Aristotle.

270

Stems in ι and υ vary with stronger stems, of which ε in the cases other than nom., acc., and voc. sing. is a survival. Thus:

a. ι, υ, as in πόλι-ς, πῆχυ-ς.

b. ει, ευ, which before vowels lost their ι and υ (43), as in πολε([ιγλιδε])-ι, πολε([ιγλιδε])-ες, πηχε([υγλιδε])-ες; which contract to πόλει, πόλεις, πήχεις.

c. There is also a stem in η, as in Hom. πόλη-ος (268 D. 1, c), whence πόλε-ως.

N. 1.—πόλε-ος in Attic poetry for the sake of the metre is due to the analogy of υ stems with gen. in -ε-ος (ἡδέ-ος, 297). Hom. πήχε-ος is the regular form (from πηχε([υγλιδε])-ος). Attic πήχε-ως follows πόλεως. πόλε-σι and πήχε-σι for πόλι-σι and πήχυ-σι are due to the analogy of forms from stems in ει, ευ (πόλε-ων, πήχε-ων, etc.).

N. 2.—The dual πόλεε occurs in some Mss.

271

Accent.—Final -ως of the genitive singular does not prevent the acute from standing on the antepenult (163 a). Thus πόλε-ως, πήχε-ως, ἄστε-ως. πόλε-ως retains the accent of the earlier πόλη-ος, which, by transference of quantity (34), became πόλε-ως. The accent of the gen. pl. follows that of the gen. sing.

272

Accusative plural.—πόλεις, πήχεις are borrowed from the nominative. ἰχθῦς is from ἰχθυν-ς. ἰχθύας occurs in late Greek. Cp. 251 a.

273

Contraction.—ἰχθῦ (once) for ἰχθύε and ἰχθῦς for ἰχθύες occur in comedy. ἰχθῦ is not a legitimate contraction, as υ cannot contract with ε (51 c). ἰχθῦς (for ἰχθύες) is the accus. form used as the nom. (251 b).

274

οἶς sheep is declined as follows: οἶς, οἰ-ός, οἰ-ι´, οἶ-ν, οἶ; dual, οἶ-ε, οἰ-οῖν; pl. οἶ-ες, οἰ-ῶν, οἰ-σί, οἶ-ς. Here the stem is οι᾽, representing ὀϝι, which is properly an ι stem: ὀϝι-ς, Lat. ovi-s.

274 D

Hom. has ὄϊς, ὀΐος and οἰός, ὄϊν, ὄϊες, ὀΐων and οἰῶν, ὀΐεσσι (οἴεσσι ο 386) and ὄεσσι, ὄϊσ(ῑ).

275

Like βασιλεύς are declined the masculine oxytones ὁ ἱππεύς horseman, ὁ ἱερεύς priest, ὁ γονεύς parent, ὁ φονεύς murderer; like βοῦς is declined ὁ χοῦς threequart measure (but acc. χόᾱ and χόας).

275 D

1. Hom. has βασιλῆος, -ῆι, -ῆα, -εῦ, -ῆες, -εῦσι (and -ήεσσι), -ῆας. Also -έος, -έϊ, -έᾰ, from the stem εϝ ῀ ε[υγλιδε]. -εῦς and -εῖ for -έος and -έϊ are not common. Ἀτρεύς, Τῡδεύς have -έ(ϝ)-ος etc. regularly (Τῡδῆ from Τῡδέα). Hdt. has -έος, -έϊ or -εῖ, -έᾰ, -εῦ, -έες, -έων, -εῦσι, -έᾰς.

2. Hom. has γρηῦς or γρηΰς, γρηΐ, γρηῦ and γρηΰ; the unattic βόεσσι (and βουσί), βόας (and βοῦς), βῶν acc. sing. H 238. The Doric nom. sing. is βῶς, acc. pl. βῶς.

3. The declension of ναῦς in Doric, Homer, and Herodotus is as follows:

Hom. has ναυσί in ναυσικλυτός.