VERB-STEM AND PRESENT STEM
Up: Part II: Inflection Previous: VERBS
496
From the verb-stem (or theme) the present stem is formed in several ways. All verbs are arranged in the present system according to the method of forming the present stem from the verbstem. Verbs are named according to the last letter of the verb-stem (376): 1. Vowel Verbs, 2. Liquid Verbs (including liquids and nasals), 3. Stop Verbs.
1. PRESENT SYSTEM
(PRESENT AND IMPERFECT ACTIVE AND MIDDLE)
497
The present stem is formed from the verb-stem in five different ways. There are, therefore, five classes of present stems. The verb-stem is sometimes the present stem, but usually it is strengthened in different ways. A sixth class consists of irregular verbs, the present stem of which is not connected with the stem or stems of other tenses.
FIRST OR SIMPLE CLASS
498
Presents of the Simple Class are formed from the verb-stem with or without the thematic vowel.
499
(I) Presents with the thematic vowel (ω-verbs). The present stem is made by adding the thematic vowel όε- to the verb-stem, as λύ̄-ω, παιδεύ-ω, παύ-ω, μέν-ω, πείθ-ω, φεύγ-ω, and the denominative verbs τῑμά-ω, φιλέ-ω, βασιλεύ-ω. For the personal endings, see 463 ff. For the derivation of many of these verbs, see 522.
500
The final vowel of the verb-stem is long in the present indicative, but either long or short in the other tense-stems, of the following verbs in -υω or -ιω.
1. a. Verbs in -υω generally have ῡ in Attic in the present; as λύ̄ω loose, δύ̄ω go under, θύ̄ω sacrifice (almost always), φύ̄ω make grow (usually). Also in ἀλύ̄ω, ἀρτύ̄ω, βρενθύ̄ομαι, γηρύ̄ομαι, δακρύ̄ω (once ῠ), ἱδρύ̄ω, ἰσχύ̄ω, καττύ̄ω, κνύ̄ω,, κωκύ̄ω, κωλύ̄ω (usually), μηνύ̄ω, ὀπύ̄ω (ὀπυίω), πτύ̄ω, ῥύ̄ομαι, στύ̄ομαι, τρύ̄ω, ὕ̄ει; possibly in εἰλύομαι, ἠμύω, μύω, ξύω, φλύω; ἐλινύω, μηρύομαι, πληθύω (once ῠ), φῑτύω. ὠρύω (ῠ̄) is doubtful.
b. -υω has υ short in ἀνύω, ἀρύω, βρύω, κλύω (but κλῦθι), μεθύω, and in all verbs in -νυω.
500. 1. D
Homer has short υ in ἀλύω, ἀνύω, βρύω, δύω, ἐρύω, ἠμύω, τανύω, φύω, and in all denominative verbs except ἐρητύ̄οντο and ἐπῑθύ̄ουσι, where ῡ is metrically necessary; long υ in ξύ̄ω, πτύ̄ω, ὕ̄ω; anceps in θύ̆ω sacrifice (ῡ doubtful), θύ̄ω rush on, rage, λύ̆ω (rarely λύ̄ω), ποιπνύω, ῥύομαι. Pindar has υ short in θύω sacrifice, ἰσχύω, λύω, μανύω, ῥύω, ῥύομαι, in presents in -νυω, and in denominative verbs.
2. Hom. has ῑ in the primitives πί̄ομαι and χρί̄ω; but τί̆ω and τί̄ω (τείω?); -ῐω in denominatives (except μήνῑε B 769). κονί̄ω, ὀί̄ομαι are from κονι(σ)-[ιγλιδε]ω, ὀι(σ)-[ιγλιδε]ομαι.
3. Where Attic has ῡ, ῑ in the present, and Epic ῠ, ῐ, the former are due to the influence of ῡ, ῑ in the future and aorist.
2. Attic has ῑ in primitive verbs in -ιω, as πρί̄ω, χρί̄ω, χλί̄ω, but ῐ in τίω. Denominative verbs have ῑ; but ἐσθί̆ω.
501
Several verbs with medial ῑ, ῡ in the present, show ῐ or ῑ, ῠ or ῡ in some other tense or tenses. Thus, θλί̄βω press τέθλιφα, πνί̄γω choke ἐπνίγην, τρί̄βω rub τέτριφα ἐτρίβην, τύ̄φω raise smoke ἐτύφην, ψύ̄χω cool ἐψύχην.
502
Verb-stems having the weak grades α, ι, υ, show the strong grades η, ει, ευ in the present; as τήκ-ω (τᾰκ-) melt, λείπω (λιπ-) leave, φεύγω (φυγ-) flee.
a. To this class belong also λήθω, σήπω, τέθηπα am astonished, 2 aor. ἔταφον, ἀλείφω, (δέδοικα, 703), εἴκω (ἔοικα), (εἴωθα, 563 a), ἐρείκω, ἐρείπω, πείθω, στείβω, στείχω, φείδομαι; ἐρεύγομαι, κεύθω, πεύθομαι, τεύχω.
503
Present Stems in -εο´ε- for ευόε-.—The strong form ευ before the thematic vowel became εϝ (ευ) and then ε (20 a, 43) in the verbs θέω run θεύσομαι, νέω swim ἔνευσα, πλέω sail ἔπλευσα, πνέω breathe ἔπνευσα, ῥέω flow ῥεύσομαι, χέω pour κέχυκα, κέχυμαι, ἐχύθην.
503 D
These verbs end in -ευω in Aeolic (πνεύω etc.). Epic πλείω, πνείω have ει by metrical lengthening (28 D.).
504
(II) Presents without the thematic vowel (μι-verbs). The personal ending is added directly to the verb-stem, which is often reduplicated. The verb-stem shows different vowel grades, strong forms η, ω in the singular, weak forms ε (α), ο in the dual and plural. Thus τί-θη-μι, τί-θε-μεν; ἵ-στη-μι for σι-στη-μι (= σι-στᾱ-μι), ἵ-στα-μεν; δί-δω-μι, δί-δο-μεν.
a. All verbs in μι (enumerated 723 ff) belong to this class except those in -νῡμι (523 f) and -νημι (523 g).
SECOND OR T CLASS (VERBS IN -πτω)
505
The present stem is formed by adding -τόε- to the verbstem, which ends in π, β, or φ. The verb-stem is ascertained from the second aorist (if there is one) or from a word from the same root.
| κόπτω cut, | verb-stem κοπ- | in 2 aor. pass. ἐ-κόπ-ην. |
| βλάπτω injure, | “ “ βλαβ- | “ “ “ ἐ-βλάβ-ην. |
| καλύπτω cover, | “ “ καλυβ- | “ καλύβ-η hut. |
| ῥί̄πτω throw, | “ “ ῥιφ-, ῥῑφ- | “ 2 aor. pass. ἐ-ρρίφ-ην. |
a. ἀστράπτω lighten, χαλέπτω oppress may be from -π[ιγλιδε]ω (117, 507).
506
Some of the verbs of this class add ε in the present or other tenses, as ῥῑπτέω throw, πεκτέω comb, τύπτω strike τυπήσω.
THIRD OR IOTA CLASS
507
The present stem is formed by adding -[ιγλιδε]όε- to the verb-stem and by making the necessary euphonic changes (109-116).
I. PRESENTS IN -ζω
Dental Verb-stems.—Verb-stems in δ unite with [ιγλιδε] to form presents in -ζω (116), as φράζω tell (φραδ-[ιγλιδε]ω), ἐλπίζω hope (ἐλπιδ-), κομίζω carry (κομιδ-ή a carrying), ὄζω smell (ὀδ-μή odour), καθέζομαι seat myself (ἕδ-ος seat).
a. σῴζω save (for σω-ιζω) forms its tenses partly from the verb-stem σω-, partly from the verb-stem σωι-.
Aeolic has -σδω for -ζω.
Stems in γ.—Some verbs in -ζω are derived from stems in γ preceded by a vowel; as ἁρπάζω seize for ἁρπαγ-[ιγλιδε]ω (cp. ἁρπαγ-ή seizure), κρά̄ζω cry out (2 aor. ἔκραγον). See 116, other examples 623 γ III.
a. νίζω wash makes its other tenses from the verb-stem νίβ- (fut. νίψω, cp. Hom. νίπτομαι).
A few verbs with stems in γγ lose one γ and have presents in -ζω; as κλάζω scream (κλαγγ-ή), fut. κλάγξω; σαλπίζω sound the trumpet ἐσάλπιγξα (also λύζω sob, πλάζω cause to wander).
ῥεγ[ιγλιδε]ω, ἐργ[ιγλιδε]ω yield ῥέζω do (poetic) and ἔρδω (Ionic and poetic). See 116.
II. PRESENTS IN -ττω (IONIC AND LATER ATTIC -σσω, 78)
Palatal Verb-stems.—Stems ending in κ or χ unite with [ιγλιδε] to form presents in -ττω (-σσω).
φυλάττω guard from φυλακ-[ιγλιδε]ω (φυλακ-ή guard (112)); κηρύ̄ττω proclaim from κηρῡκ-[ιγλιδε]ω (κῆρυξ, κήρῡκ-ος); ταράττω disturb from ταραχ-[ιγλιδε]ω (ταραχ-ή confusion).
a. πέττω cook is for πεκ-[ιγλιδε]ω; all other tenses are made from πεπ-.
Several verbs showing forms in γ seem to unite γ with [ιγλιδε] to form presents in -ττω (-σσω.) Thus ἀλλάττω change, μάττω knead, πλήττω strike (with the 2 aorists passive ἠλλάγ-ην, ἐμάγ-ην, ἐπλήγ-ην), πρά̄ττω do (2 perf. πέπρᾱγα, 571), τάττω arrange (τᾱγ-ός commander).
a. So δράττομαι grasp, νάττω compress (515 b), νύττω push, πτύσσω fold, σάττω load, σῡρίττω pipe, σφάττω kill, φράττω fence. πρά̄ττω has the late perf. πέπρᾱχα.
Some presents in -ττω (-σσω) are formed from stems in τ, θ like those from κ, χ.
Poet. ἐρέσσω row (ἐρέτ-ης rower) aor. ἤρεσα; poet. κορύσσω arm (κόρυς κόρυθ-ος helmet), imperf. ἐκόρυσσε.
a. So also βλίττω take honey, πάττω sprinkle, πτίττω pound, and perhaps πλάττω form; also ἀφάσσω Hdt., and poetic ἱ̄μάσσω, λαφύσσω, λίσσομαι.
b. νάττω compress (ναγ-, ναδ-) ἔναξα, νένασμαι and νέναγμαι. Cp. 514 a.
Formations by Analogy.—a. As γ ¨ [ιγλιδε] and δ ¨ [ιγλιδε] unite to form ζ, none of the verbs in -ττω can be derived from -γ[ιγλιδε]ω or -δ[ιγλιδε]ω. Since the future and aorist of verbs in -ζω might often seem to be derived from stems in κ, χ, or τ, θ, uncertainty arose as to these tenses: thus the future σφάξω (σφαγ-σω) from Epic σφάζω slay (σφαγ-[ιγλιδε]ω) was confused in formation with φυλάξω (φυλακ-σω), and a present σφάττω was constructed like φυλάττω. Similarly, Attic ἁρπάσω (-ομαι) for Epic ἁρπάξω; and so in place of (poetic) ἁρμόζω fit (ἁρμοδ-) the form ἁρμόττω was constructed.
Homer has many cases of this confusion; as πολεμίζω (πολεμιδ-) but πολεμίξω. In Doric the ξ forms from -ζω verbs are especially common, as χωρίζω separate, χωριξῶ, ἐχώριξα. παίζω sport has (late) ἔπαιξα.
III. LIQUID AND NASAL STEMS
517
(I) Presents in -λλω are formed from verb-stems in λ, to which [ιγλιδε] is assimilated (110). Thus, ἀγγέλλω announce (ἀγγελ-[ιγλιδε]ω), στέλλω send (στελ-[ιγλιδε]ω).
518
(II) Presents in -αινω and -αιρω are formed from verb-stems in -αν and -αρ, the [ιγλιδε] being thrown back to unite with the vowel of the verb-stem (111). Thus, φαίνω show (φαν-[ιγλιδε]ω), ὀνομαίνω name (ὀνομαν-[ιγλιδε]ω), χαίρω rejoice (χαρ-[ιγλιδε]ω).
a. Many verbs add -[ιγλιδε]ω to the weak form of the stem, as ὀνομαίν-ω for ὀνομαν-[ιγλιδε]ω from ὀνομṇ-[ιγλιδε]ω, cp. nomen (35 b).
b. Hom. has κῡδαίνω and κῡδάνω honour, μελαίνω blacken and μελάνω grow black. ὀλισθαίνω slip is late for ὀλισθάνω.
c. The ending αινω has been attached, by analogy, in θερμαίνω make hot, etc. (620 III, 866.7). Likewise -ῡνω (519) in poetic ἀρτύ̄νω prepare, parallel to ἀρτύ̄ω (in composition), by analogy to βαρύ̄νω weigh down, ἡδύ̄νω sweeten.
519
(III) Presents in -εινω, -ειρω, -ῑνω, -ῑρω, -ῡνω, and -ῑρω are formed from stems in εν, ερ, ῐν, ῐρ, ῠν, ῠρ with [ιγλιδε]όε- added. Here [ιγλιδε] disappears and the vowel preceding ν or ρ is lengthened by compensation (ε to ει; ι to ῑ; υ to ῡ). See 37 a, 111.
τείνω stretch (τεν-[ιγλιδε]ω), φθείρω destroy (φθερ-), κρί̄νω (κριν-), οἰκτί̄ρω pity (οἰκτιρ-) generally written οἰκτείρω, ἀμύ̄νω ward off (ἀμυν-), μαρτύ̄ρομαι call to witness (μαρτυρ-).
a. ὀφείλω (ὀφελ-) owe, am obliged is formed like τείνω, φθείρω in order to distinguish it from ὀφέλλω (ὀφελ-) increase formed regularly. Hom. has usually Aeolic ὀφέλλω in the sense of ὀφείλω. δείρω flay (δερ-[ιγλιδε]ω) is parallel to δέρ-ω (499).
519 D
Aeolic has here -εννω, -ερρω, -ιννω, -ιρρω, -υννω, -υρρω (37 D. 3); for κτείνω, it has κταίνω; cp. Doric φθαίρω for φθείρω.
520
Verb-stems in -αυ- for (α[υγλιδε], -αϜ-).—Two verbs with verb-stems in -αυ have presents in -αιω from -αιϝω out of -αϝ-[ιγλιδε]ω (38 a) : καίω burn (καυ-, καϝ-), fut. καύ-σω; and κλαίω weep (κλαυ-, κλαϝ-), fut. κλαύ-σομαι. Others 624 b.
a. Attic prose often has κά̄ω and κλά̄ω, derived from αιϝ before ει (κά̄εις, and, with ᾱ extended to the 1 person, κά̄ω). Cp. 396.
521
Addition of ε.—The following verbs add ε in one or more tense-stems other than the present: βάλλω throw, καθίζω sit, κλαίω weep, ὄζω smell, ὀφείλω owe, am obliged, χαίρω rejoice.
522
Contracted Verbs and Some Verbs in -ιω, -υω.—a. Verbs in -αω, -εω, -οω, which for convenience have been treated under the first class, properly belong here, [ιγλιδε] (y) having been lost between vowels. Thus, τῑμάω from τῑμα-[ιγλιδε]ω (τῑμᾱ-), οἰκέω dwell from οἰκε-[ιγλιδε]ω (οἰκε- alternate stem to οἰκο-, 229 b), δηλόω from δηλο-[ιγλιδε]ω. So in denominatives, as poetic μηνίω am wroth (μηνι-[ιγλιδε]ω), φῑτύ̄ω sow (φῑτυ-[ιγλιδε]ω). Primitives in -ῑω, -ῡω are of uncertain origin. Cp. 608, 624.
N.—The rare spellings ἀλυίω, θυι´ω, μεθυίω, φυίω indicate their origin from -[ιγλιδε]ω.
b. So with stems in long vowels: δρῶ do from δρᾱ-[ιγλιδε]ω, ζῶ live from ζη-[ιγλιδε]ω (cp. ζῆθι), χρῶ give oracles from χρη-[ιγλιδε]ω (2 pers. χρῇς, 394).
FOURTH OR N CLASS
523
The present stem of the N class is formed from the verbstem by the addition of a suffix containing ν.
a. -νόε- is added: δάκ-νω bite, τέμ-νω cut.
So δύ̄νω, κάμνω, πί̄νω, πίτνω poet., τίνω, φθάνω, φθίνω.
b. -ανόε- is added: αἰσθ-άν-ομαι perceive, ἁμαρτ-άν-ω err.
So αὐξάνω, βλαστάνω, δαρθάνω, ἀπεχθάνομαι, οἰδάνω, ὀλισθάνω, ὀφλισκάνω (526).
c. -ανόε- is added and a nasal (μ, ν, or γ nasal) inserted in the verb-stem: λα-μ-β-άν-ω (λαβ-) take, λα-ν-θ-άν-ω escape notice (λαθ-), τυ-γ-χ-άν-ω happen (τυχ-).
So ἁνδάνω please (ἁδ-), θιγγάνω touch (θιγ-), κιγχάνω find (κιχ-), λαγχάνω obtain by lot (λαχ-), μανθάνω learn (μαθ-), πυνθάνομαι inquire (πυθ-).
d. -νεόε- is added: βῡ-νέ-ω stop up (also βύω), ἱκ-νέ-ο-μαι come (also ἵ̄κω), κυ-νέ-ω kiss, ἀμπ-ισχ-νέ-ο-μαι have on, ὑπ-ισχ-νέ-ο-μαι promise (cp. ἴ-σχ-ω for σι-σχ-ω, 493 a).
e. -υνόε- is added: ἐλαύνω drive for ἐλα-νυ-ω.
f. -νυ ( -ννυ after a short vowel) is added (second class of μι-verbs, 414): δείκ-νῡ-μι show (δεικ-, present stem δεικνῡ-), ζεύγ-νῡ-μι yoke (ζευγ-), ὄλλῡμι destroy (for ὀλ-νῡμι, 77 a); κερά-ννῡ-μι mix (κερα-), σκεδά-ννῡ-μι scatter (σκεδα-). Others 729 ff. Some of these verbs have presents in -υω (746).
N. 1.—The forms in -ννῡμι spread from ἕννῡμι, σβέννῡμι, which are derived from ἑσ-νῡμι, σβεσ-νῡμι.
N. 2.—Some verbs in -νω are formed from -νϝόε- for -ν[υγλιδε]όε-; as Hom. τί̄νω, φθί̄νω, φθά̄νω, ἄ̄νομαι from τι-νϝ-ω, etc., (37 D. 1). Attic τί̆νω, etc. dropped the ϝ.
g. -να, -νη are added (third class of μι-verbs 412); as in (poetic) δάμ-νη-μι I conquer, δάμ-να-μεν we conquer (δαμ-), and in σκίδ-νη-μι (rare in prose for σκεδάννῡμι) scatter. The verbs of this class are chiefly poetic (Epic), and most have alternative forms in -αω. See 737.
In two further divisions there is a transition to the Iota Class.
h. -ινόε- for -ν-[ιγλιδε]όε is added: βαίνω go (βα-ν-[ιγλιδε]ω), κερδαίνω gain (κερδα-ν-[ιγλιδε]ω) τετραίνω bore (τετρα-ν-ιω). So poetic ῥαίνω sprinkle. For the added ν, cp. δάκ-ν-ω (523 a). See 518 a.
i. -αινόε- for αν-[ιγλιδε]όε is added: ὀσφραίνομαι smell (ὀσφραν-[ιγλιδε]ομαι), Hom. ἀλιταίνομαι sin (also ἀλιτραίνω). See 518 a.
524
A short vowel of the verb-stem is lengthened in the case of some verbs to form one or more of the tense-stems other than the present. Thus, λαμβάνω (λαβ-) take λήψομαι (ληβ-); δάκνω (δακ-) bite δήξω (δηκ-). So λαγχάνω, λανθάνω, τυγχάνω, πυνθάνομαι (πυθ-) inquire, fut. πεύσομαι (πευθ-).
a. ζεύγνῡμι yoke, πήγνῡμι fasten, ῥήγνῡμι break have the strong grade in all tenses except the 2 pass. system. μείγνῡμι mix (commonly written μί̄γνῡμι) has μῐγ- only in the 2 perf. and 2 pass. systems.
525
Addition of ε and ο.—a. Many verbs add ε to the verb-stem to form all the tenses except present, 2 aorist, and 2 perfect; as αἰσθάνομαι, ἁμαρτάνω, ἁνδάνω, αὐξάνω, ἀπεχθάνομαι, βλαστάνω, δαρθάνω, κιγχάνω, μανθάνω, ὀλισθάνω, ὀφλισκάνω. One or more tenses with ε added are formed by κερδαίνω, ὄλλῡμι, ὀσφραίνομαι, στόρνῡμι, τυγχάνω.
b. ὄμνῡμι swear has ὀμο- in all systems except the present and future, as ὤμοσα, ὀμώμοκα, but fut. ὀμοῦμαι from ὀμεομαι.
FIFTH OR INCEPTIVE CLASS (VERBS IN -σκω )
526
The present stem is formed by adding the suffix -σκόε- to the verb-stem if it ends in a vowel; -ισκόε- if it ends in a consonant. Thus, ἀρέ-σκω please, εὑρ-ίσκω find.
a. This class is called inceptive (or inchoative) because some of the verbs belonging to it have the sense of beginning or becoming (cp. Lat. -sco); as γηράσκω grow old. But very few verbs have this meaning.
b. In θνῄσκω die, μιμνῄσκω remind, -ισκω was later added to verb-stems ending in a vowel. The older forms are θνήσκω, μιμνήσκω.
c. The verb-stem is often reduplicated in the present; as γι-γνώ-σκω know, βι-βρώ-σκω eat, δι-δρά̄-σκω run away. Poetic ἀρ-αρ-ίσκω fit, poetic ἀπ-αφ-ίσκω deceive, have the form of Attic reduplication. μίσγω may stand for μι-(μ)σγω.
526 c. D
Hom. has ἐΐσκω liken for ϝεϝί(κ)-σκω, also ἴσκω from ϝί(κ)-σκω, τιτύ(κ)-σκομαι prepare, δε-δί(κ)-σκομαι welcome.
d. A stop consonant is dropped before -σκω (99); as δι-δά(κ)-σκω teach (cp. δι-δακ-τός), ἀλύ(κ)-σκω avoid, λά(κ)-σκω speak. πάσχω suffer is for πα(θ)-σκω (126).
e. The present stem often shows the strong grades ω (weak ο) and ᾱ or η (weak α). See b, c. Weak grades appear in φάσκω say, βόσκω feed.
f. On the iteratives in -σκω see 495.
527
The following verbs belong to this class (poetic and Ionic forms are starred):
a. Vowel stems: ἀλδήσκω* (ἀλδη-), ἀναβιώσκομαι* (βιο-), ἀρέσκω (ἀρε-), βάσκω* (βα- for βṇ-, 35 b), βιβρώσκω (βρο-), βλώσκω* (μολ-, μλο-, βλο-, 130 D.), βόσκω (βο-), γενειάσκω (cp. γενειάω), γηράσκω (γηρα-), γιγνώσκω (γνο-), δεδίσκομαι frighten, διδρά̄σκω (δρα-), ἡβά̄σκω (ἡβα-), ἠλάσκω* (ἠλα-), θνῄσκω (θαν-, θνα-), θρῴσκω* (θορ-, θρο-), ἱ̄άσκομαι (ἱ̄λα-), κικλήσκω* (καλε-, κλη-), κυΐσκομαι* (κυ-), μεθύσκω (μεθυ-), μιμνῄσκω (μνα-), πιπίσκω* (πι-), πιπρά̄σκω (πρα-), πινύσκω* (πινυ-), πιφαύσκω* (φαυ-), τιτρώσκω (τρο-), φάσκω (φα-), χάσκω* (χα-).
b. Consonant stems: ἁλίσκομαι (ἁλ-ο-), ἀλύσκω* (ἀλυκ-), ἀμβλίσκω (ἀμβλ- ἀμβλο-), ἀμπλακίσκω* (ἀμπλακ-), ἀνᾱλίσκω (ἀν-ᾱλ-ο-), ἀπαφίσκω* (ἀπ-αφ-), ἀραρίσκω* (ἀρ-), δεδίσκομαι* welcome (δε-δικ-) and δηδίσκομαι (usually written δειδ-) welcome, διδάσκω (διδαχ-), ἐΐσκω (ἐϊκ-), ἐπαυρίσκω* (αὐρ-), εὑρίσκω (εὑρ-ε-), λάσκω* (λακ-), μίσγω* (μιγ-), ὀφλισκάνω (ὀφλ-ε-), πάσχω (παθ-), στερίσκω (στερ-ε-), τιτύσκομαι* (τι-τυκ-), ὑλάσκω* (ὑλακ-), χρηΐσκομαι* (χρη-).
528
Addition of ε and ο.—στερίσκω deprive (cp. στέρομαι) makes all the other tense-stems from στερε-; εὑρίσκω has εὑρε- except in the present and 2 aorist. —ἁλίσκομαι am captured (ἁλ-) adds ο in other tense-stems.
SIXTH OR MIXED CLASS
529
This class includes some irregular verbs, one or more of whose tense-stems are quite different from others, as Eng. am, was, be, Lat. sum, fui. For the full list of forms see the List of Verbs.
1. αἱρέω (αἱρε-, ἑλ-) take, fut. αἱρήσω, ᾕρηκα, etc., 2 aor. εἷλον.
2. εἶδον (ϝιδ-, ἰδ-) saw, vidi, 2 aorist (with no present act.); 2 pf. οἶδα know (794). Middle εἴδομαι (poetic). εἶδον is used as 2 aor. of ὁράω (see below).
3. εἶπον (εἰπ-, ἐρ-, ῥε-) spoke, 2 aor. (no pres.); fut. (ἐρέω) ἐρῶ, perf. εἴ-ρη-κα, εἴρημαι, aor. pass. ἐρρήθην. The stem ἐρ- is for ϝερ-, seen in Lat. ver-bum. (Cp. 492.) ῥε- is for ϝρε, hence εἴρημαι for ϝε-ϝρη-μαι.
4. ἔρχομαι (ἐρχ-, ἐλευθ-, ἐλυθ-, ἐλθ-), go. Fut. ἐλεύσομαι (usually poet.), 2 perf. ἐλήλυθα, 2 aor. ἦλθον. The Attic future is εἶμι shall go (774). The imperf. and the moods of the pres. other than the indic. use the forms of εἶμι.
5. ἐσθίω (ἐσθ-, ἐδ-, φαγ-) eat, fut. ἔδομαι (541), pf. ἐδήδοκα, -ἐδήδεσμαι, ἠδέσθην, 2 aor. ἔφαγον.
6. ὁράω (ὁρα-, ὀπ-, ϝιδ-) see, fut. ὄψομαι, perf. ἑώρᾱκα or ἑόρᾱκα, perf. mid. ἑώρᾱμαι or ὦμμαι (ὠπ-μαι), ὤφθην, 2 aor. εἶδον (see 2 above).
7. πάσχω (παθ-, πενθ-) suffer, fut. πείσομαι for πενθ-σομαι (100), 2 pf. πέπονθα, 2 aor. ἔπαθον. (See 526 d.)
8. πί̄νω (πι-, πο-) drink, from πἱ̄-ν-ω (523 a), fut. πί̄ομαι (541), pf. πέπωκα, 2 aor. ἔπιον, imp. πῖθι (466. 1, a, 687).
9. τρέχω (τρεχ- for θρεχ- (125 g), δραμ-, δραμε-) run, fut. δραμοῦμαι, pf. δεδράμηκα, 2 aor. ἔδραμον.
10. φέρω (φερ-, οἰ-, ἐνεκ-, by reduplication and syncope ἐν-ενεκ and ἐνεγκ-) bear; fut. οἴσω, aor. ἤνεγκα, perf. ἐν-ήνοχ-α (446, 478), ἐν-ήνεγ-μαι, aor. pass. ἠνέχθην.
11. ὠνέομαι (ὠνε-, πρια-) buy, fut. ὠνήσομαι, perf. ἐώνημαι, ἐωνήθην. For ἐωνησάμην the form ἐπριάμην is used.
530
Apart from the irregularities of Class VI, some verbs may, by the formation of the verb-stem, belong to more than one class, as βαίνω (III, IV), ὀσφραίνομαι (III, IV), ὀφλισκάνω (IV, V).
531
Many verbs have alternative forms, often of different classes, as κῡδάνω κῡδαίνω honour, ἵ̄κω ίκά̄νω come, μελάν-ω grow black, μελαίνω (μελαν-[ιγλιδε]ω) blacken, κλάζω (κλαγγ-) κλαγγ-άν-ω scream, σφάζω σφάττω slay (516). Cp. also ἀνύω ἀνύτω accomplish, ἀρύω ἀρύτω draw water, Hom. ἐρύ̄κω, ἐρῡκάνω, ἐρῡκανάω restrain. Cp. 866. 10.
II. FUTURE SYSTEM (FUTURE ACTIVE AND MIDDLE)
532
Many, if not all, future forms in ς are in reality subjunctives of the first aorist. λύ̄σω, παιδεύσω, λείψω, στήσω are alike future indicative and aorist subjunctive in form. In poetry and in some dialects there is no external difference between the future indicative and the aorist subjunctive when the latter has (as often in Hom.) a short mood-sign (457 D.); e.g., Hom. βήσομεν, ἀμείψεται, Ionic inscriptions ποιήσει.
533
The future stem is formed by adding the tense-suffix -σόε- (-εσόε- in liquid stems, 535) to the verb-stem: λύ̄-σω, I shall (or will) loose, λύ̄σομαι; θή-σω from τί-θη-μι place; δείξω from δείκ-νῡ-μι show.
a. In verbs showing strong and weak grades (476) the ending is added to the strong stem: λείπω λείψω, τήκω τήξω, πνέω πνεύσομαι (503), δίδωμι δώσω.
534
Vowel Verbs.—Verb-stems ending in a short vowel lengthen the vowel before the tense suffix (α to η except after ε, ι, ρ). Thus, τῑμάω, τῑμήσω; ἐάω, ἐά̄σω; φιλέω, φιλήσω.
a. On χράω give oracles, χράομαι use, ἀκροάομαι hear, see 487 a.
b. For verbs retaining a short final vowel, see 488.
534 D
Doric and Aeolic always lengthen α to ᾱ (τῑμά̄σω).
b. In verbs with stems originally ending in -ς Hom. often has σς in the future: ἀνύω ἀνύσσεσθαι, τελέω τελε´σσω; by analogy ὄλλῡμι ὀλέσσω (and ὀλέσω, ὀλεῖται).
535
Liquid Verbs.—Verb-stems ending in λ, μ, ν, ρ, add -εσόε-; then ς drops and ε contracts with the following vowel.
φαίνω (φαν-) show, φανῶ, φανεῖς from φαν-έ(σ)ω, φαν-έ(σ)εις; στέλλω (στελ-) send, στελοῦμεν, στελεῖτε from στελ-έ(σ)ομεν, στελ-έ(σ)ετε. See p. 128.
535 D
These futures are often uncontracted in Homer (βαλέω, κτενέεις, ἀγγελέουσιν); regularly in Aeolic; in Hdt. properly only when ε comes before ο or ω.
536
ς is retained in the poetic forms κέλσω (κέλλω land, κελ-), κύρσω (κύ̄ρω meet, κυρ-), θέρσομαι (θέρομαι warm myself, θερ-), ὄρσω (ὄρνῡμι rouse, ὀρ-). So also in the aorist. See ἀραρίσκω, εἴλω, κείρω, φθείρω, φύ̄ρω in the List of Verbs.
537
Stop Verbs.—Labial (π, β, φ) and palatal (κ, γ, χ) stops at the end of the verb-stem unite with ς to form ψ or ξ. Dentals (τ, δ, θ) are lost before ς (98).
κόπ-τ-ω (κοπ-) cut, κόψω, κόψομαι; βλάπ-τ-ω (βλαβ-) injure, βλάψω, βλάψομαι; γράφ-ω write, γράψω, γράψομαι; πλέκ-ω weave, πλέξω, πλέξομαι; λέγ-ω say, λέξω, λέξομαι; ταράττω (ταραχ-) disturb, ταράξω, ταράξομαι; φράζω (φραδ-) say, φράσω; πείθω (πιθ-, πειθ-) persuade, πείσω, πείσομαι.
a. When ε or ο is added to the verb-stem, it is lengthened to η or ω: as βούλομαι (βουλ-ε-) wish βουλήσομαι, ἁλίσκομαι (ἁλ-ο-) am captured ἁλώσομαι. So also in the first aorist and in other tenses where lengthening is regular.
537 D
Doric has -ξω from most verbs in -ζω (516 D.).
538
Attic Future.—Certain formations of the future are called Attic because they occur especially in that dialect in contrast to the later language; they occur also in Homer, Herodotus, and in other dialects.
539
These futures usually occur when ς is preceded by ᾰ or ε and these vowels are not preceded by a syllable long by nature or position. Here ς is dropped and -άω and -έω are contracted to -ῶ. When ι precedes ς, the ending is ι-(σ)έω which contracts to -ιῶ.
a. καλέω call, τελέω finish drop the ς of καλέσω καλέσομαι, τελέσω τελέσομαι and the resulting Attic forms are καλῶ καλοῦμαι, τελῶ (τελοῦμαι poetic).
b. ἐλαύνω (ἐλα-) drive has Hom. ἐλάω, Attic ἐλῶ.—καθέζομαι (καθεδ-) sit has Attic καθεδοῦμαι.—μάχομαι (μαχ-ε-) fight has Hom. μαχέσομαι (and μαχήσομαι), Attic μαχοῦμαι.—ὄλλῡμι (ὀλ-ε-) destroy has Hom. ὀλέσω, Attic ὀλῶ.
539. b. D
For Hom. -οω for -αω, see 645.
c. All verbs in -αννῡμι have futures in -ά(σ)ω, -ῶ. Thus, σκεδάννῡμι (σκεδα-) scatter, poet. σκεδάσω, Attic σκεδῶ. Similarly some verbs in -εννῡμι: ἀμφιέννῡμι (ἀμφιε-) clothe, Epic ἀμφιέσω, Attic ἀμφιῶ; στόρνῡμι (στορ-ε-) spread, late στορέσω, Attic στορῶ.
d. A very few verbs in -αζω have the contracted form. βιβάζω (βιβαδ-) cause to go usually has Attic βιβῶ from βιβάσω. So ἐξετῶμεν ῀ ἐξετάσομεν from ἐξετάζω examine.
e. Verbs in -ιζω of more than two syllables drop ς and insert ε, thus making -ι(σ)έω, -ι(σ)έομαι, which contract to -ιῶ and -ιοῦμαι, as in the Doric future (540). So νομίζω (νομιδ-) consider makes νομισεω, νομι-εω, νομιῶ and in like manner νομιοῦμαι, both inflected like ποιῶ, ποιοῦμαι. So ἐθιοῦσι, οἰκιοῦντες from ἐθίζω accustom, οἰκίζω colonize. But σχίζω (σχιδ-) split makes σχίσω. νομιῶ etc. are due to the analogy of the liquid verbs.
N.—Such forms in Attic texts as ἐλάσω, τελέσω, νομίσω, βιβάσω are erroneous.
539 D
Hom. has ἀεικιῶ, κομιῶ, κτεριῶ; and also τελέω, καλέω, ἐλάω, ἀντιόω, δαμόωσι (645), ἀνύω, ἐρύουσι, τανύουσι. Hdt. always uses the -ιῶ and -ιοῦμαι forms. Homeric futures in -εω have a liquid before ε, and are analogous to the futures of liquid verbs.
540
Doric Future.—Some verbs, which have a future middle with an active meaning, form the stem of the future middle by adding -σεόε-, and contracting -σέομαι to -σοῦμαι. Such verbs (except νέω, πί̄πτω) have also the regular future in -σομαι.
κλαίω (κλαυ-, 520) weep κλαυσοῦμαι, νέω (νυ-, νευ-) swim νευσοῦμαι (doubtful), πλέω (πλυ-, πλευ-) sail πλευσοῦμαι, πνέω (πνυ-, πνευ-) breathe πνευσοῦμαι, πί̄πτω (πετ-) fall πεσοῦμαι, πυνθάνομαι (πυθ-, πευθ-) πευσοῦμαι (once), φεύγω (φυγ-, φευγ-) φευξοῦμαι, χέζω (χεδ-) χεσοῦμαι.
a. The inflection of the Doric future is as follows:—
| λῡσῶ, -σοῦμαι | λῡσοῦμες, -σούμεθα | λῡσῶν, -σούμενος |
| λῡσεῖς, -σῇ | λῡσεῖτε, -σεῖσθε | λῡσεῖν, -σεῖσθαι |
| λῡσεῖ, -σεῖται | λῡσοῦντι, -σοῦνται |
b. These are called Doric futures because Doric usually makes all futures (active and middle) in -σέω -σῶ, -σέομαι -σοῦμαι.
c. Attic πεσοῦμαι (Hom. πεσέομαι) from πί̄πτω fall comes from πετεομαι. Attic ἔπεσον is derived from 2 aor. ἔπετον (Dor. and Aeol.) under the influence of πεσοῦμαι.
540 D
Hom. ἐσσεῖται (and ἔσσεται, ἔσεται, ἔσται). In Doric there are three forms: (1) -σέω (and -σῶ), -σέομαι (and -σοῦμαι); and often with ευ from εο as -εῦντι, -εῦμες; (2) -σίω with ι from ε before ο and ω; (3) the Attic forms.
541
Futures with Present Forms.—The following verbs have no future suffix, the future thus having the form of a present: ἔδομαι (ἐδ-) eat, πί̄ομαι (πι-) drink, χέω (χυ-) and χέομαι, pour. See 529. 5, 8.
a. These are probably old subjunctives which have retained their future meaning. In ἔδομαι and πί̄ομαι the mood-sign is short (457 D.). Hom. has βέομαι or βείομαι live, δήω find, κήω (written κείω) lie, ἐξανύω achieve, ἐρύω draw, τανύω strelch, and ἀλεύεται avoid. νέομαι go is for νεσομαι.
III. FIRST (SIGMATIC>) AORIST SYSTEM
(FIRST AORIST ACTIVE AND MIDDLE)
542
The first aorist stem is formed by adding the tense suffix -σα to the verb-stem: ἔ-λῡ-σα I loosed, λύ̄σω, λύ̄σαιμι; ἔ-δειξα I showed, from δείκ-νῡ-μι. See 666.
a. In verbs showing strong and weak grades (476), the tense-suffix is added to the strong stem: πείθω ἔπεισα, τήκω ἔτηξα, πνέω ἔπνευσα, ἵστημι (στα-, στη-) ἔστησα, ἐστησάμην.
N.—τίθημι (θε-, θη-) place, δίδωμι (δο-, δω-) give, ἵ̄ημι (ἑ-, ἡ-) send have aorists in -κα (ἔθηκα, ἔδωκα, ἧκα in the singular: with κ rarely in the plural). See 755.
542 D
Mixed Aorists.—Hom. has some forms of the first aorist with the thematic vowel (όε) of the second aorist; as ἄξετε, ἄξεσθε (ἄγω lead), ἐβήσετο, imper. βήσεο (βαίνω go), ἐδύ̄σετο (δύω set), ἷξον (ἵ̄κω come), οἶσε, οἴσετε, οἰσέμεν, οἰσέμεναι (φέρω bring), imper. ὄρσεο rise (ὄρνῡμι rouse).
543
Vowel Verbs.—Verb-stems ending in a vowel lengthen a short final vowel before the tense-suffix (α to η except after ε, ι, ρ). Thus, τῑμάω ἐτί̄μησα, ἐάω εἴᾱσα (431), φιλέω ἐφίλησα.
a. χέω (χυ-, χευ-, χεϝ-) pour has the aorists ἔχεα, ἐχεάμην (Epic ἔχευα, ἐχευάμην) from ἐχευσα, ἐχευσαμην.
543 a. D
Homeric ἠλευάμην and ἠλεάμην avoided, ἔκηα burned (Att. ἔκαυσα), ἔσσευα drove, also have lost ς.
b. For verbs retaining a short final vowel see 488.
543 b. D
Hom. often has original σς, as γελάω ἐγέλασσα, τελέω ἐτέλεσσα; in others by analogy, as ὄλλῡμι ὄλεσσα, ὄμνῡμι ὄμοσσα, καλέω κάλεσσα.
544
Liquid Verbs.—Verb-stems ending in λ, μ, ν, ρ lose ς and lengthen their vowel in compensation (37): α to η (after ι or ρ to ᾱ), ε to ει, ῐ to ῑ, ῠ to ῡ.
φαίνω (φαν-) show, ἔφηνα for ἐφανσα; περαίνω (περαν-) finish, ἐπέρᾱνα for ἐπερανσα; στέλλω (στελ-) send, ἔστειλα for ἐστελσα; κρί̄νω (κριν-) judge, ἔκρῑνα for ἐκρινσα; ἅλλομαι (ἁλ-) leap, ἡλάμην for ἡλσαμην.
a. Some verbs in -αινω (-αν-) have -ᾱνα instead of -ηνα; as γλυκαίνω sweeten ἐγλύκᾱνα. So ἰσχναίνω make thin, κερδαίνω gain, κοιλαίνω hollow out, λιπαίνω fatten, ὀργαίνω be angry, πεπαίνω make ripe. Cp. 30 a.
b. The poetic verbs retaining ς in the future (536) retain it also in the aorist.
c. αἴρω (ἀρ-) raise is treated as if its verb-stem were ἀ̄ρ- (contracted from ἀερ- in ἀείρω): aor. ἦρα, ἄ̄ρω, ἄ̄ραιμι, ἆρον, ἆραι, ἄ̄ρας, and ἠράμην, ἄ̄ρωμαι, ἀ̄ραίμην, ἄ̄ρασθαι, ἀ̄ράμενος.
d. ἤνεγκα is used as the first aorist of φέρω bear. εἶπα is rare for εἶπον (549).
544 D
Hom. has Ionic -ηνα for -ᾱνα after ι or ρ. Aeolic assimilates ς to a liquid; as ἔκριννα, ἀπέστελλα, ἐνέμματο, συνέρραισα (= συνείρᾱσα). Cp. Hom. ὤφελλε (ὀφέλλω increase).
545
Stop Verbs.—Labial (π, β, φ) and palatal (κ, γ, χ) stops at the end of the verb-stem unite with ς to form ψ or ξ. Dentals (τ, δ, θ) are lost before ς (cp. 98).
πέμπ-ω send ἔπεμψα, ἐπεμψάμην; βλάπτω (βλαβ-) injure ἔβλαψα; γράφ-ω write ἔγραψα, ἐγραψάμην; πλέκ-ω weave ἔπλεξα, ἐπλεξάμην; λέγ-ω say ἔλεξα; ταράττω (ταραχ-) disturb ἐτάραξα, ἐταραξάμην; poetic ἐρέσσω (ἐρετ-) row ἤρεσα; φράζω (φραδ-) tell ἔφρασα, ἐφρασάμην; πείθ-ω (πιθ-, πειθ-, ποιθ-) persuade ἔπεισα.
a. On forms in ς from stems in γ see 516.
545 D
Hom. often has σς from dental stems, as ἐκόμισσα ἐκομισσάμην (κομίζω). Doric has -ξα from most verbs in -ζω; Hom. also has ξ (ἥρπαξε). See 516 D.
IV. SECOND AORIST SYSTEM (SECOND AORIST ACTIVE AND MIDDLE)
546
The second aorist is formed without any tense-suffix and only from the simple verb-stem. Only primitive verbs (372) have second aorists.
546 D
Hom. has more second aorists than Attic, which favoured the first aorist. Some derivative verbs have Homeric second aorists classed under them for convenience only, as κτυπέω sound ἔκτυπον; μῡκάομαι roar ἔμυκον; στυγέω hate ἔστυγον. These forms are derived from the pure verb-stem (485 d, 553).
547
(I) Ω-Verbs.—Ω-verbs make the second aorist by adding όε- to the verb-stem, which regularly ends in a consonant. Verbs showing vowel gradations (476) use the weak stem (otherwise there would be confusion with the imperfect).
λείπω (λιπ-, λειπ-) leave ἔλιπον, -ἐλιπόμην; φεύγω (φυγ-, φευγ-) flee ἔφυγον; πέτομαι fly ἐπτόμην (476 a); λαμβάνω (λαβ-) take ἔλαβον.
547 D
Hom. often has no thematic vowel in the middle voice of ω-verbs (ἐδέγμην from δέχομαι receive). See 634. 688.
548
a. Vowel verbs rarely form second aorists, as the irregular αἰρέω seize (εἶλον, 529. 1), ἐσθίω eat (ἔφαγον), ὁράω (εἶδον). ἔπιον drank (πί̄νω) is the only second aorist in prose from a vowel stem and having thematic inflection.
b. Many ω-verbs with stems ending in a vowel have second aorists formed like those of μι-verbs. These are enumerated in 687.
549
Verbs of the First Class (499) adding a thematic vowel to the verbstem form the second aorist (1) by reduplication (494), as ἄγω lead ἤγαγον, and εἶπον probably for ἐ-ϝε-ϝεπ-ον; (2) by syncope (493), as πέτομαι fly ἐπτόμην, ἐγείρω (ἐγερ-) rouse ἠγρόμην, ἕπομαι (σεπ-) jollow ἐσπόμην, imperf. είπόμην from ἐ-σεπομην, ἔχω (σεχ-) hare ἔσχον; (3) by using α for ε (476 b) in poetic forms (480), as τρέπω turn ἔτραπον; (4) by metathesis (492), as poet. δέρκομαι see ἔδρακον.
549 D
(1) Hom. has (ε᾽)κέκλετο (κέλο-μαι command), λέλαθον (λήθ-ω lie hid), ἐπέφραδε (φράζω tell), πεπιθεῖν (πείθ-ω persuade). ἠρύ̄κακον (ἐρύ̄κ-ω check), ἠνί̄παπον and ἐνένῑπον (ἐνίπτω chide, ἐνιπ-) have unusual formation. (2) ἐ-πλ-όμην (πέλο-μαι am, come, πελ-). (3) ἔπραθον (πέρθ-ω sack), ἔταμον (τέμ-ν-ω cut). (4) βλῆτο (βάλλω hit, 128 a).
550
(II) Μι-Verbs.—The stem of the second aorist of μι-verbs is the verb-stem without any thematic vowel. In the indicative active the strong form of the stem, which ends in a vowel, is regularly employed. The middle uses the weak stem form.
ἵ-στη-μι (στα-, στη-) set, second aorist ἔστην, ἔστης, ἔστη, ἔστητον, ἐστήτην, ἔστημεν, ἔστητε, ἔστησαν; middle ἐ-θέ-μην from τίθημι (θε-, θη-) place, ἐ-δό-μην from δίδωμι (δο-, δω-) give.
551
Originally only the dual and plural showed the weak forms, which are retained in the second aorists of τίθημι, δίδωμι, and ἵ̄ημι: ἔθεμεν, ἔδομεν, εἷμεν (ἐ-έμεν), and in Hom. βάτην (also βήτην) from ἔβην went. Elsewhere the weak grades have been displaced by the strong grades, which forced their way in from the singular. Thus, ἔγνον, ἔφῠν in Pindar (= ἔγνω-σαν, ἔφῡ-σαν), which come from ἐγνων(τ), ἐφῡν(τ) by 40. So Hom. ἔτλᾰν, ἔβᾰν. Such 3 pl. forms are rare in the dramatic poets.
a. For the singular of τίθημι, δίδωμι, ἵ̄ημι, see 755; for the imperatives, 759; for the infinitives, 760.
551 D
Hom. has ἔκτᾰν I slew (κτείνω, κτεν-) with ᾰ taken from ἔκτᾰμεν, and οὖτα he wounded (οὐτάω).
552
No verb in -ῡμι has a second aorist in Attic from the stem in υ.
553
The difference between an imperfect and an aorist depends formally on the character of the present. Thus ἔ-φη-ν said is called an ‘imperfect’ of φη-μί: but ἔ-στη-ν stood is a ‘second aorist’ because it shows a different tense-stem than that of ἵστημι. Similarly ἔ-φερ-ον is ‘imperfect’ to φέρω, but ἔ-τεκ-ον ‘second aorist’ to τίκτω because there is no present τεκω. ἔστιχον is imperfect to στίχω, but second aorist to στείχω. Cp. 546 D.
NOTE ON THE SECOND AORIST AND SECOND PERFECT
554
a. The second aorist and the second perfect are usually formed only from primitive verbs (372). These tenses are formed by adding the personal endings (inclusive of the thematic or tense vowel) to the verb-stem without any consonant tense-suffix. Cp. ἔλιπο-ν with ἔλῡ-σ-α, ἐτράπ-ην with ἐτρέφ-θ-ην (τρέπω turn), γέ-γραφ-α with λέλυ-κ-α.
b. The second perfect and second aorist passive are historically older than the corresponding first perfect and first aorist.
c. τρέπω turn is the only verb that has three first aorists and three second aorists (596).
d. Very few verbs have both the second aorist active and the second aorist passive. In cases where both occur, one form is rare, as ἔτυπον (once in poetry), ἐτύπην (τύπτω strike).
e. In the same voice both the first and the second aorist (or perfect) are rare, as ἔφθασα, ἔφθην (φθάνω anticipate). When both occur, the first aorist (or perfect) is often transitive, the second aorist (or perfect) is intransitive (819); as ἔστησα I erected, i.e. made stand, ἔστην I stood. In other cases one aorist is used in prose, the other in poetry: ἔπεισα, poet. ἔπιθον (πείθω persuade); or they occur in different dialects, as Attic ἐτάφην, Ionic ἐθάφθην (θάπτω bury); or one is much later than the other, as ἔλειψα, late for ἔλιπον.
V. FIRST (K) PERFECT SYSTEM (FIRST PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT ACTIVE)
555
The stem of the first perfect is formed by adding -κα to the reduplicated verb-stem. λέ-λυ-κα I have loosed, ἐ-λε-λύκη I had loosed.
a. The κ-perfect is later in origin than the second perfect and seems to have started from verb-stems in -κ, as ἔ-οικ-α (= ϝέ-ϝοικ-α) from εἴκω resemble.
b. Verbs showing the gradations ει, ευ: οι, ου: ι, υ (476) have ει, ευ; as πείθω (πιθ-, πειθ-) persuade πέπεικα (560). But δέδοικα fear has οι (cp. 564).
555 b. D
Hom. δείδω (used as a present) is for δε-δϝο ([ιγλιδε])-α. δειδ- was written on account of the metre when ϝ was lost. Hom. δέδια is for δε-δ(ϝ)ι-α with the weak root that is used in δέδιμεν. See 703 D.
556
The first perfect is formed from verb-stems ending in a vowel, a liquid, or a dental stop (τ, δ, θ).
557
Vowel Verbs.—Vowel verbs lengthen the final vowel (if short) before -κα, as τῑμά-ω honour τε-τί̄μη-κα, ἐά-ω permit εἴᾱ-κα, ποιέ-ω make πε-ποίη-κα, τίθημι (θε-, θη-) place τέ-θη-κα, δίδωμι (δο-, δω-) give δέ-δω-κα.
557 D
1. Hom. has the κ-perfect only in verbs with vowel verb-stems. Of these some have the second perfect in -α, particularly in participles. Thus κεκμηώς, Attic κεκμηκώς (κάμ-ν-ω am weary); κεκορηώς (κορέ-ννῡμι satiate); πεφύ̄κᾱσι and πεφύᾱσι (φύω produce).
2. In some dialects a present was derived from the perfect stem; as Hom. ἀνώγω, Theocr. δεδοίκω, πεφύ̄κει (in the 2 perf.: Theocr. πεπόνθω). Inf. τεθνάκην (Aeol.), part. κεκλήγοντες (Hom.), πεφρί̄κων (Pind.).
3. From μέμηκα (μηκάομαι bleat) Hom. has the plup. ἐμέμηκον.
558
This applies to verbs that add ε (485). For verbs that retain a short final vowel, see 488. (Except σβέννῡμι (σβε-) extinguish, which has ἔσβηκα.)
559
Liquid Verbs.—Many liquid verbs have no perfect or employ the second perfect. Examples of the regular formation are φαίνω (φαν-) show, πέφαγκα, ἀγγέλλω (ἀγγελ-) announce, ἤγγελκα.
a. Some liquid verbs drop ν; as κέκρικα, κέκλικα from κρί̄νω (κριν-) judge, κλί̄νω (κλιν-) incline. τείνω (τεν-) stretch has τέτακα from τετṇκα.
b. Monosyllabic stems change ε to α; as ἔσταλκα, ἔφθαρκα from στέλλω (στελ-) send, φθείρω (φθερ-) corrupt.
N. For α we expect ο; α is derived from the middle (ἔσταλμαι, ἔφθαρμαι).
c. All stems in μ and many others add ε (485); as νέμω (νεμ-ε-), distribute νενέμηκα, μέλω (μελ-ε-) care for μεμέληκα, τυγχάνω (τυχ-ε) happen τετύχηκα.
d. Many liquid verbs suffer metathesis (492) and thus get the form of vowel verbs; as βάλλω (βαλ-) throw βέβληκα; θνῄσκω (θαν-) die τέθνηκα; καλέω (καλε-, κλη-) call κέκληκα; κάμνω (καμ-) am weary κέκμηκα; τέμνω (τεμ-) cut τέτμηκα. Also πί̄πτω (πετ-, πτο-) fall πέπτωκα. See 128 a.
560
Stop Verbs.—Dental stems drop τ, δ, θ before -κα; as πείθω (πιθ-, πειθ-, ποιθ-) persuade πέπεικα, κομίζω (κομιδ-) carry κεκόμικα.
VI. SECOND PERFECT SYSTEM (SECOND PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT ACTIVE)
561
The stem of the second perfect is formed by adding α to the reduplicated verb-stem: γέ-γραφ-α I have written (γράφ-ω).
561 D
Hom. has several forms unknown to Attic: δέδουπα (δουπ-έ-ω sound), ἔολπα (ἔλπ-ω hope), ἔοργα (ῥέζω work), προ-βέβουλα (βούλομαι wish), μέμηλα (μέλω care for).
562
The second perfect is almost always formed from stems ending in a liquid or a stop consonant, and not from vowel stems.
a. ἀκήκοα (ἀκούω hear) is for ἀκηκο(ϝ)-α (ἀκοϝ- ῀ ἀκο[υγλιδε]-, 43).
562 D
But δέδια fear from δϝι-. See 555 b. D., 703.
563
Verb-stems showing variation between short and long vowels (476) have long vowels in the second perfect (ᾰ is thus regularly lengthened). Thus, τήκω (τακ-, τηκ-) melt τέτηκα, κρά̄ζω (κραγ-) cry out κέκρᾱγα, φαίνω (φαν-) show πέφηνα have appeared (but πέφαγκα have shown), ῥήγνῡμι (ῥαγ-, ῥηγ-, ῥωγ-, 477 c) break ἔρρωγα.
a. εἴωθα am accustomed ( = σε-σϝωθ-α) has the strong form ω (cp. ἦθος custom, 123); Hom. ἔθω (Attic ἐθίζω accustom).
564
The second perfect has ο, οι when the verb-stem varies between α, ε, ο (478, 479) or ι, ει, οι (477 a): τρέφ-ω (τρεφ-, τροφ-, τραφ-) nourish τέτροφα, λείπω (λιπ-, λειπ-, λοιπ-) leave λέλοιπα, πείθω (πιθ-, πειθ-, ποιθ-) persuade πέποιθα trust.
565
Similarly verbs with the variation υ, ευ, ου (476) should have ου; but this occurs only in Epic εἰλήλουθα ( = Att. ἐλήλυθα); cp. ἐλεύ(θ)-σομαι. Other verbs have ευ, as φεύγω flee πέφευγα.
566
After Attic reduplication (446) the stem of the second perfect has the weak form; ἀλείφω (ἀλειφ-, ἀλιφ-) anoint ἀλήλιφα.
567
Apart from the variations in 563-566 the vowel of the verb-stem remains unchanged: as γέγραφα (γράφω write), κέκῡφα (κύ̄πτω stoop, κῡφ-).
568
The meaning of the second perfect may differ from that of the present; as ἐγρήγορα am awake from ἐγείρω wake up, σέσηρα grin from σαίρω sweep. The second perfect often has the force of a present; as πέποιθα trust (πέπεικα have persuaded). See 819.
569
Aspirated Second Perfects.—In many stems a final π or β changes to φ: a final κ or γ changes to χ. (φ and χ here imitate verb-stems in φ and χ, as τρέφω, ὀρύττω.)
κόπτω (κοπ-) cut κέκοφα, πέμπ-ω send πέπομφα, βλάπτω (βλαβ-) injure βέβλαφα, τρί̄βω (τρῑβ-) rub τέτρῐφα, φυλάττω (φυλακ-) guard -πεφύλαχα; τρέφ-ω (τρεφ-) nourish τέτροφα; ὀρύττω (ὀρυχ-) dig ὀρώρυχα.
569 D
Hom. never aspirates π, β, κ, γ. Thus κεκοπώς = Att. κεκοφώς (κόπ-τ-ω cut). The aspirated perfect occurs once in Hdt. (ἐπεπόμφει 1. 85); but is unknown in Attic until the fifth century B.C. Soph. Tr. 1009 (ἀνατέτροφας) is the only example in tragedy.
570
Most such stems have a short vowel immediately before the final consonant; a long vowel precedes ε.γ. in δείκ-νῡ-μι δέδειχα, κηρύ̄ττω (κηρῡκ-) -κεκηρῡχα, πτήσσω (πτηκ-) ἔπτηχα. τέτριφα and τέθλιφα show ῐ in contrast to ῑ in the present (τρί̄βω, θλί̄βω). στέργω, λάμπω do not aspirate (ἔστοργα, poet. λέλαμπα).
571
The following verbs have aspirated second perfects: ἄγω, ἀλλάττω, ἀνοίγω, βλάπτω, δείκνῡμι, διώκω (rare), θλί̄βω, κηρύ̄ττω, κλέπτω, κόπτω, λαγχάνω, λαμβάνω, λάπτω, λέγω collect, μάττω, μείγνῡμι, πέμπω, πλέκω, πρά̄ττω, πτήσσω, τάττω, τρέπω, τρί̄βω, φέρω (ἐνήνοχα), φυλάττω. ἀνοίγω or ἀνοίγνῡμι has two perfects: ἀνέῳχα and ἀνέῳγα. πρά̄ττω do has πέπρᾱγα have done and fare (well or ill), and (generally later) πέπρᾱχα have done.
572
Second Perfects of the μι-form.—Some verbs add the endings directly to the reduplicated verb-stem. Such second perfects lack the singular of the indicative.
ἵστημι (στα-, στη-) set, 2 perf. stem ἑστα-: ἕστα-μεν, ἕστα-τε, ἑστᾶσι, inf. ἑστά-ναι; 2 plup. ἕστα-σαν (417). The singular is supplied by the forms in -κα; as ἕστηκα. These second perfects are enumerated in 704.
573
Stem Gradation.—Originally the second perfect was inflected throughout without any thematic vowel (cp. the perfect middle), but with stem-gradation: strong forms in the singular, weak forms elsewhere. -α (1 singular) was introduced in part from the aorist and spread to the other persons. Corresponding to the inflection of οἶδα (794) we expect πέποιθα, πέποισθα, πέποιθε, πέπιστον, πέπιθμεν, πέπιστε, πεπίθατι (from πεπιθṇτι). Traces of this mode of inflection appear in Hom. γεγάτην (from γεγṇτην, 35 b) γέγαμεν from γέγονα; ἔϊκτον, ἐΐκτην, ἐϊκώς from ἔοικα; ἐπέπιθμεν; μέμαμεν from μέμονα; πέπασθε (for πεπαθτε ῀ πεπṇθτε) from πέπονθα (other examples 704, 705). So the masc. and neut. participles have the strong forms, the feminine has the weak forms (μεμηκώς, μεμακυῖα as εἰδώς, ἰδυῖα).
VII. PERFECT MIDDLE SYSTEM (PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT MIDDLE AND PASSIVE, FUTURE PERFECT PASSIVE)
574
The stem of the perfect and pluperfect middle and passive is the reduplicated verb-stem, to which the personal endings are directly attached. λέλυ-μαι I have loosed myself or have been loosed, ἐ-λελύ-μην; δέδο-μαι (δί-δω-μι give), δέδειγ-μαι (δείκ-νῡ-μι show). On the euphonic changes of consonants, see 409.
574 D
A thematic vowel precedes the ending in Hom. μέμβλεται (μέλω care for), ὀρώρεται (ο᾽̓ρνυμι rouse).
575
The stem of the perfect middle is in general the same as that of the first perfect active as regards its vowel (557), the retention or expulsion of ν (559 a), and metathesis (559 d).
τῑμά-ω honour τετί̄μη-μαι ἐτετῑμήμην; ποιέ-ω make πεποίη-μαι ἐπεποιήμην; γράφ-ω write γέγραμ-μαι; κρί̄νω (κριν-) judge κέκρι-μαι; τείνω (τεν-) stretch τέταμαι; φθείρω (φθερ-) corrupt ἔφθαρ-μαι; βάλλω (βαλ-) throw βέβλη-μαι ἐβεβλήμην; πείθω (πιθ-, πειθ-, ποιθ-) persuade πέπεισμαι ἐπεπείσμην.
576
The vowel of the perfect middle stem should show the weak form when there is variation between ε (ει, ευ): ο (οι, ου): α (ι, υ). The weak form in α appears regularly in verbs containing a liquid (479): that in υ, in πέπυσμαι from πυνθάνομαι (πυθ-, πευθ-) learn, poet. ἔσσυμαι hasten from σεύω (συ-, σευ-) urge.
577
The vowel of the present has often displaced the weak form, as in πέπλεγμαι (πλέκ-ω weave), λέλειμμαι (λείπ-ω leave), πέπεισμαι (πείθ-ω persuade), ἔζευγμαι (ζεύγ-νῡ-μι yoke).
578
A final short vowel of the verb-stem is not lengthened in the verbs given in 488 a. ε is added (485) in many verbs. For metathesis see 492; for Attic reduplication see 446.
579
ν is retained in endings not beginning with μ, as φαίνω (φαν-) show, πέφανται, πέφανθε. Before -μαι, we have μ in ὤξυμμαι from ὀξύ̄νω (ὀξυν-) sharpen, but usually ν is replaced by ς. On the insertion of ς, see 489.
580
Future Perfect.—The stem of the future perfect is formed by adding -σόε- to the stem of the perfect middle. A vowel immediately preceding -σόε- is always long, though it may have been short in the perfect middle.
λύ̄-ω loose, λελύ̄-σομαι I shall have been loosed (perf. mid. λέλῠ-μαι), δέ-ω bind δεδή-σομαι (perf. mid. δέδε-μαι), γράφ-ω write γεγράψ-ομαι, καλέω call κεκλήσομαι.
580 D
Hom. has δεδέξουαι, μεμνήσομαι, κεκλήσῃ, κεχολώσεται; κεκαδήσομαι, πεφιδήσεται are from reduplicated aorists.
581
The future perfect usually has a passive force. The active meaning is found where the perfect middle or active has an active meaning (1946, 1947).
κεκτήσομαι shall possess (κέκτημαι possess), κεκρά̄ξομαι shall cry out (κέκρᾱγα cry out), κεκλάγξομαι shall scream (κέκλαγγα scream), μεμνήσομαι shall remember (μέμνημαι remember), πεπαύσομαι shall have ceased (πέπαυμαι have ceased).
582
Not all verbs can form a future perfect; and few forms of this tense occur outside of the indicative: διαπεπολεμησόμενον Thuc. 7. 25 is the only sure example of the participle in classical Greek. The infinitive μεμνήσεσθαι occurs in Hom. and Attic prose.
583
The periphrastic construction (601) of the perfect middle (passive) participle with ἔσομαι may be used for the future perfect, as ἐψευσμένος ἔσομαι I shall have been deceived.
584
Future Perfect Active.—The future perfect active of most verbs is formed periphrastically (600). Two perfects with a present meaning, ἕστηκα I stand (ἵστημι set) and τέθνηκα I am dead (θνῄσκω), form the future perfects ἑστήξω I shall stand, τεθνήξω I shall be dead.
584 D
Hom. has κεχαρήσω and κεχαρήσομαι from χαίρω (χαρ-) rejoice.
VIII. FIRST PASSIVE SYSTEM (ΘΗ PASSIVE) (FIRST AORIST AND FIRST FUTURE PASSIVE)
FIRST AORIST PASSIVE
585
The stem of the first aorist passive is formed by adding -θη- (or -θε-) directly to the verb-stem: ἐ-λύ-θη-ν I was loosed, ἐ-φάν-θη-ν I was shown (φαίνω, φαν-), ἐ-δό-θη-ν I was given (δίδωμι, δο-, δω-).
a. -θη- appears in the indicative, imperative (except the third plural), and infinitive; -θε- appears in the other moods. -θη- is found before a single consonant, -θε- before two consonants or a vowel except in the nom. neuter of the participle.
585 a. D
For -θησαν we find -θεν in Hom., as διέκριθεν.
586
The verb-stem agrees with that of the perfect middle herein:
a. Vowel verbs lengthen the final vowel of the verb-stem, as τε-τί̄μη-μαι, ἐ-τῑμή-θην. On verbs which do not lengthen their final vowel, see 488.
b. Liquid stems of one syllable change ε to α, as τέ-τα-μαι, ἐ-τά-θην (τείνω stretch, τεν-). But στρέφω turn, τρέπω turn, τρέφω nourish have ἐστρέφθην, ἐτρέφθην, ἐθρέφθην (rare), though the perfect middles are ἔστραμμαι, τέτραμμαι, τέθραμμαι.
586 b. D
ἐστράφθην is Ionic and Doric; Hom. and Hdt. have ἐτράφθην from τρέπω. Hom. has ἐτάρφθην and ἐτέρφθην from τέρπω gladden.
c. Primitive verbs showing in their stems the gradations ε (ει, ευ): ο (οι, ου): α (ι, υ) have a strong form, as ἐτρέφθην from τρέπω (τρεπ-, τροπ-, τραπ-) turn, ἐλείφθην from λείπω (λιπ-, λειπ-, λοιπ-) leave, ἐπλεύσθην from πλέω (πλυ-, πλευ-) sail.
d. Primitive verbs showing in their stems a variation between ε: η and ο: ω have, in the first aorist passive, the short vowel. Thus, τίθημι (θε-, θη-) ἐτέθην, δίδωμι (δο-, δω-) ἐδόθην.
e. Final ν is dropped in some verbs: κέ-κρι-μαι, ἐκρίθην. See 491.
586 e. D
Hom. has ἐκλίνθην and ἐκλίθην, ἐκρίνθην and ἐκρίθην; ἱδρύνθην = Att. ἱδρύ̄θην (ἱδρύω erect), ἀμπνύνθην (ἀναπνέω revive).
f. The verb-stem may suffer metathesis: βέ-βλη-μαι, ἐ-βλή-θην. See 492.
g. Sigma is often added: κε-κέλευσ-μαι, ἐ-κελεύσ-θην. See 489.
587
Before θ of the suffix, π and β become φ; κ and γ become χ (82 c); τ, δ, θ become ς (83). φ and χ remain unaltered.
λείπ-ω ἐλείφ-θην, βλάπτω (βλαβ-) ἐβλάφ-θην; φυλάττω (φυλακ-) ἐφυλάχ-θην, ἄγ-ω ἤχ-θην; κομίζω (κομιδ-) ἐκομίσ-θην, πείθ-ω ἐπείσ-θην; γράφ-ω ἐγράφ-θην, ταράττω (ταραχ-) ἐταράχ-θην.
588
θ of the verb-stem becomes τ in ἐ-τέ-θην, and in ἐ-τύ-θην for ἐ-θυ-θην from τίθημι (θε-, θη-) place and θύ̄ω (θυ-, θῡ-) sacrifice. See 125 c.
FIRST FUTURE PASSIVE
589
The stem of the first future passive is formed by adding -σόε- to the stem of the first aorist passive. It ends in -θησομαι. Thus, παιδευθή-σομαι I shall be educated, λυθή-σομαι I shall be loosed.
τῑμάω, ἐτῑμήθην τῑμηθήσομαι; ἐάω, εἰά̄θην ἐᾱθήσομαι; λείπω, ἐλείφθην λειφθήσομαι; πείθω, ἐπείσθην πεισθήσομαι; τείνω, ἐτάθην ταθήσομαι; τάττω, ἐτάχθην ταχθήσομαι; τίθημι, ἐτέθην τεθήσομαι; δίδωμι, ἐδόθην δοθήσομαι; δείκνῡμι, ἐδείχθην δειχθήσομαι.
589 D
Hom. has no example of the first future passive. To express the idea of the passive future the future middle is used. See 802. Doric shows the active endings in both futures passive: δειχθησοῦντι, ἀναγραφησεῖ.
IX. SECOND PASSIVE SYSTEM (H PASSIVE) (SECOND AORIST AND SECOND FUTURE PASSIVE)
SECOND AORIST PASSIVE
590
The stem of the second aorist passive is formed by adding -η- (or -ε-) directly to the verb-stem. Thus, ἐβλάβην I was injured from βλάπτω (βλαβ-).
a. -η- appears in the indicative, imperative (except the third plural), and infinitive; -ε- appears in the other moods. -η- is found before a single consonant, -ε- before two consonants or a vowel except in the nom. neut. of the participle.
590 a. D
For -ησαν we generally find -εν (from -ηντ, 40) in Hom.; also in Doric.
591
The second aorist passive agrees in form with the second aorist active of μι-verbs; cp. intransitive ἐχάρην rejoiced with ἔστην stood. The passive use was developed from the intransitive use.
592
Primitive verbs showing in their stems the grades ε: ο: α have α. Thus an ε of a monosyllabic verb-stem becomes α, as in πλέκ-ω weave ἐπλάκην, κλέπ-τ-ω steal ἐκλάπην, φθείρω (φθερ-) corrupt ἐφθάρην, στέλλω (στελ-) send ἐστάλην. But λέγω collect has ἐλέγην.
593
Primitive verbs showing in their stems a variation between a short and long vowel have, in the second aorist passive, the short vowel. Thus τήκω (τακ-, τηκ-) melt ἐτάκην, ῥήγνῡμι (ῥαγ-, ῥηγ-, ῥωγ-) break ἐρράγην.
a. But πλήττω (πλαγ-, πληγ-) strike has ἐπλάγην only in composition, as ἐξεπλάγην; otherwise ἐπλήγην.
594
The second aorist passive is the only aorist passive formed in Attic prose by ἄγνῡμι (ἐά̄γην), γράφω (ἐγράφην), δέρω (ἐδάρην), θάπτω (ἐτάφην), κόπτω (ἐκόπην), μαίνω (ἐμάνην), πνί̄γω (ἐπνί̆γην), ῥάπτω (ἐρράφην), ῥέω (ἐρρύην active), ῥήγνῡμι (ἐρράγην), σήπω (ἐσάπην), σκάπτω (ἐσκάφην), σπείρω (ἐσπάρην), στέλλω (ἐστάλην), σφάζω or σφάττω (ἐσφάγην), σφάλλω (ἐσφάλην), τύ̄φω (ἐτύφην), φθείρω (ἐφθάρην pass. and intr.), φύ̄ω (in subj. φυῶ), χαίρω (ἐχάρην active).
595
Both the first aorist passive and the second aorist passive are formed by ἀλείφω (ἠλείφθην), ἀλλάττω (-ηλλάχθην, ἠλλάγην), βάπτω (ἐβάφην), βλάπτω (ἐβλάφθην, ἐβλάβην), βρέχω (ἐβρέχθην), ζεύγνῡμι (ἐζύγην), θλί̄βω (ἐθλί̄φθην), κλέπτω (ἐκλάπην), κλί̄νω (-εκλίνην), κρύπτω (ἐκρύφθην), λέγω collect (διελέχθην, but συνελέγην), μάττω (ἐμάγην), μείγνῡμι (ἐμίγην), πήγνῡμι (ἐπάγην), πλέκω (ἐπλάκην), πλήττω (ἐπλήγην and -επλάγην), ῥί̄πτω (ἐρρί̄φθην, ἐρρίφην), στερίσκω (ἐστερήθην), στρέφω (ἐστράφην), τάττω (ἐτάχθην), τήκω (ἐτάκην), τρέπω (ἐτράπην pass. and intr.), τρέφω (ἐτράφην pass. and intr.), τρί̄βω (ἐτρίβην, ἐτρί̄φθην), φαίνω (ἐφάνθην was shown, ἐφάνην appeared), φράγνῡμι (ἐφράχθην), ψύ̄χω (ἐψύχην). Most of these verbs use either the one in prose and the other in poetry, the dialects, or late Greek. Only the forms in common prose use are inserted in brackets.
596
Only those verbs which have no second aorist active show the second aorist passive; except τρέπω, which has all the aorists: active ἔτρεψα and ἔτραπον turned; middle ἐτρεψάμην put to flight, ἐτραπόμην turned myself, took to flight; passive ἐτρέφθην was turned, ἐτράπην was turned and turned myself.
SECOND FUTURE PASSIVE
597
The stem of the second future passive is formed by adding -ς όε- to the stem of the second aorist passive. It ends in -ησομαι. Thus, βληβήσομαι I shall be injured from βλάπτω (βλαβ-) ἐ-βλάβη-ν.
κόπ-τ-ω, ἐκόπην κοπήσομαι; γράφω, ἐγράφην γραφήσομαι; φαίνω, ἐφάνην appeared, φανήσομαι; φθείρω, ἐφθάρην φθαρήσομαι; πήγνῡμι fix, ἐπάγην παγήσομαι.
597 D
Hom. has only δαήσεαι (ἐδάην learned), μιγήσεσθαι (μείγνῡμι mix).
598
Most of the verbs in 594, 595 form second futures passive except ἄγνῡμι, ἀλείφω, βάπτω, βρέχω, ζεύγνῡμι, θλί̄βω, κλέπτω, μαίνω, μάττω, ῥάπτω. But many of the second futures appear only in poetry or in late Greek, and some are found only in composition.
PERIPHRASTIC FORMS
599
Perfect.—For the simple perfect and pluperfect periphrastic forms are often used.
a. For the perfect or pluperfect active indicative the forms of the perfect active participle and εἰμί or ἦν may be used: as λελυκώς εἰμι for λέλυκα, λελυκὼς ἦν for ἐλελύκη. So βεβοηθηκότες ἦσαν for ἐβεβοηθήκεσαν (βοηθέω come to aid); εἰμὶ τεθηκὼς for τέθηκα I have placed; γεγραφὼς ἦν for ἐγεγράφη I had written; πεπονθὼς ἦν I had suffered. Such forms are more common in the pluperfect and in general denote state rather than action.
b. For the perfect active a periphrasis of the aorist participle and ἔχω is sometimes used, especially when a perfect active form with transitive meaning is lacking; as στήσᾱς ἔχω I have placed (ἕστηκα, intransitive, stand), ἐρασθεὶς ἔχω I have loved. So often because the aspirated perfect is not used, as ἔχεις ταράξᾱς thou hast stirred up. Cp. habeo with the perfect participle.
c. In the perfect active subjunctive and optative the forms in -κω and -κοιμι are very rare. In their place the perfect active participle with ὦ and εἴην is usually employed: λελυκὼς (λελοιπὼς) ὦ, εἴην. Other forms than 3 sing. and 3 pl. are rare. Cp. 691, 694.
d. The perfect or pluperfect passive is often paraphrased by the perfect participle and ἐστί or ἦν; as γεγραμμένον ἐστί it stands written, ἐστὶ δεδογμένον it stands resolved, παρηγγελμένον ἦν ῀ παρήγγελτο (παραγγέλλω give orders).
e. In the third plural of the perfect and pluperfect middle (passive) the perfect middle participle with εἰσί (ἦσαν) is used when a stem ending in a consonant would come in direct contact with the endings -νται, -ντο. See 408.
f. The perfect subjunctive and optative middle are formed by the perfect middle participle with ὦ or εἴην: λελυμένος ὦ, εἴην.
g. The perfect imperative of all voices may be expressed by combining the perfect participle with ἴσθι, ἔστω (697). λελυκὼς ἴσθι loose, etc., εἰρημένον ἔστω let it have been said, γεγονὼς ἔστω P. L. 951c, γεγονότες ἔστωσαν P. L. 779d.
h. Periphrasis of the infinitive is rare:
to be deadτεθνηκότα εἶναι
600
Future Perfect Active.—The future perfect active of most verbs is formed by combining the perfect active participle with ἔσομαι shall be. Thus, γεγραφὼς ἔσομαι I shall have written, cp. scriptus ero. For the two verbs which do not use this periphrasis, see 584.
a. The perfect middle participle is used in the case of deponent verbs: ἀπολελογημένος ἔσομαι And. 1.72.
601
Future Perfect Passive.—The future perfect passive may be expressed by using the perfect middle (passive) participle with ἔσομαι shall be. Thus, ἐψευσμένοι ἔσεσθε you will have been deceived.
FIRST CONJUGATION OR VERBS IN Ω
602
Verbs in -ω have the thematic vowel -όε (-ώη-) between the tense-stem and the personal endings in the present system. The name “ω-conjugation,” or “thematic conjugation,” is applied to all verbs which form the present and imperfect with the thematic vowel.
603
Inflected according to the ω-conjugation are all thematic presents and imperfects; those second aorists active and middle in which the tense-stem ends with the thematic vowel; all futures, all first aorists active and middle; and most perfects and pluperfects active.
604
Certain tenses of verbs ending in -ω in the first person present indicative active, or of deponent verbs in which the personal endings are preceded by the thematic vowel, are inflected without the thematic vowel, herein agreeing with μι-verbs. These tenses are: all aorists passive; all perfects and pluperfects middle and passive; a few second perfects and pluperfects active; and those second aorists active and middle in which the tense-stem does not end with the thematic vowel. But all subjunctives are thematic.
605
Verbs in -ω fall into two main classes, distinguished by the last letter of the verb-stem:
1. Vowel verbs: a. Uncontracted verbs. b. Contracted verbs.
2. Consonant verbs: a. Liquid verbs. b. Stop (or mute) verbs.
N. Under 2 fall also (c) those verbs whose stems ended in ς or ϝ (624).
606
Vowel Verbs.—Vowel verbs usually do not form second aorists, second perfects, and second futures in the passive. A vowel short in the present is commonly lengthened in the other tenses. Vowel verbs belong to the first class of present stems (498-504; but see 612).
607
Vowel Verbs not contracted.—Vowel verbs not contracted have verb-stems ending in ῐ̄, ῠ̄, or in a diphthong (αι, ει, αυ, ευ, ου).
( ι ) ἐσθίω eat, πρί̄ω saw, χρί̄ω anoint, poet. δίω fear, τί̄ω honour (500. 2); ( υ ) ἀνύω accomplish, μεθύω am intoxicated, λύ̄ω loose, θύ̄ω sacrifice, φύ̄ω produce, κωλύ̄ω hinder (and many others, 500. 1 a); ( αι ) κναίω scratch, παίω strike, πταίω stumble, παλαίω wrestle, ἀγαίομαι am indignant, δαίω kindle, δαίομαι divide, λιλαίομαι desire eagerly, poet. μαίομαι desire, ναίω dwell, ῥαίω strike; ( ει ) κλήω (later κλείω) shut, σείω shake, Epic κείω split and rest; ( αυ ) αὕω kindle, θραύω break, ἀπολαύω enjoy, παύω make cease (παύομαι cease), poet. ἰαύω rest; ( ευ ) βασιλεύω am king, βουλεύω consult (βουλεύομαι deliberate), θηρεύω hunt, κελεύω order, λεύω stone, παιδεύω educate, χορεύω dance, φονεύω slay. Most verbs in -ευω are either denominatives, as βασιλεύω from βασιλεύς; or are due to the analogy of such denominatives, as παιδεύω. γεύομαι taste is a primitive. θέω run, νέω swim, πλέω sail, πνέω breathe, ῥέω flow, χέω pour have forms in ευ, υ; cp. poet. σεύω urge, ἀλεύω avert, ἀχεύω am grieved; ( ου ) ἀκούω hear, κολούω dock, κρούω beat, λούω wash.
608
Some primitive vowel verbs in -ιω, -υω (522) formed their present stem by the aid of the suffix [ιγλιδε] (y), which has been lost. Denominatives in -ιω, -υω, -ευω regularly added the suffix, as poet. μηνί-ω am wroth from μηνι-[ιγλιδε]ω (μῆνι-ς wrath), poet. δακρύ̄ω weep (δάκρυ tear), poet. φῑτύ̄-ω beget from φῑτυ-[ιγλιδε]ω, μεθύω am drunk, βασιλεύω am king. Poet. δηρί̄ομαι, μαστίω, μητίομαι, κηκίω, ἀχλύω, γηρύω, ἰθύω.
609
The stem of some of the uncontracted vowel verbs originally ended in ς or ϝ (624).
610
Some verbs with verb-stems in vowels form presents in -νω (523), as πί̄νω drink, φθί̄νω perish; and in -σκω (526).
611
Vowel Verbs contracted.—Vowel verbs that contract have verb-stems ending in α, ε, ο, with some in ᾱ, η, ω.
612
All contracted verbs form their present stem by the help of the suffix [ιγλιδε] (y), and properly belong to the Third Class (522).
613
Some contracted verbs have verb-stems which originally ended in ς or ϝ (624).
614
Liquid Verbs.—Liquid verbs have verb-stems in λ, μ, ν, ρ.
The present is rarely formed from the simple verb-stem, as in μέν-ω remain; ordinarily the suffix [ιγλιδε] (y) is added, as in στέλλω (στελ-[ιγλιδε]ω) send, κρί̄νω (κρῐν-[ιγλιδε]ω) judge, κτείνω (κτεν-[ιγλιδε]ω) slay, φαίνω (φαν-[ιγλιδε]ω) show.
614 D
πεφύρσεσθαι in Pindar is made from φύρσω (φύ̄ρω knead).
615
A short vowel of the verb-stem remains short in the future but is lengthened in the first aorist (544). Thus:
a. α in the future, η in the aorist: φαίνω (φαν-) show, φανῶ, ἔφηνα. In this class fall all verbs in -αινω, -αιρω, -αλλω.
b. ε in the future, ει in the aorist: μέν-ω remain, μενῶ, ἔμεινα; στέλλω (στελ-) send, στελῶ, ἔστειλα. Here belong verbs in -ελλω, -εμω, -εμνω, -ερω, -ειρω, -ενω, -εινω.
c. ῐ in the future, ῑ in the aorist: κλί̄νω (κλιν-) incline, κλῐνῶ, ἔκλῑνα. Here belong verbs in -ιλλω, -ῑνω, -ῑρω.
d. ῠ in the future, ῡ in the aorist: σύ̄ρω (συρ-) drag, σῠρῶ, ἔσῡρα. Here belong verbs in -ῡρω, -ῡνω.
For the formation of the future stem see 535, of the aorist stem see 544.
616
For the perfect stem see 559. Few liquid verbs make second perfects. On the change of ε, α of the verb-stem to ο, η in the second perfect, see 478, 484.
Liquid verbs with futures in -ῶ do not form future perfects.
617
Monosyllabic verb-stems containing ε have α in the first perfect active, perfect middle, first aorist and future passive and in all second aorists, but ο in the second perfect. Thus, φθείρω (φθερ-) corrupt, ἔφθαρκα, ἔφθαρμαι, ἐφθάρην, but δι-έφθορα have destroyed (819).
618
A few monosyllabic stems do not change ε to α in the 2 aor., as τέμνω cut ἔτεμον (but ἔταμον in Hom., Hdt. etc.), γίγνομαι (γεν-) become ἐγενόμην. See also θείνω, θέρομαι, κέλομαι, root φεν-. Few liquid verbs form second aorists.
619
Stems of more than one syllable do not change the vowel of the verb-stem.
620
List of Liquid Verbs.—The arrangement is according to the classes of the present stem. Words poetic or mainly poetic or poetic and Ionic are starred.
I. βούλομαι (βουλ-ε-), ἐθέλω (ἐθελ-ε-), εἰλέω* (εἰλ-ε-), ἴλλω*, μέλλω, μέλω, πέλομαι*, φιλέω (Epic φιλ-).—βρέμω*, γέμω, δέμω*, θέρμω*, νέμω, τρέμω, and γαμέω (γαμ-ε-).—γίγνομαι (γεν-ε-), μένω, μίμνω* (μεν-), πένομαι, σθένω*, στένω, and γεγωνέω* (γεγων-ε-).—Verbs in -εμω and -ενω have only pres. and imperf., or form their tenses in part from other stems.— δέρω, ἔρομαι (ἐρ-ε-), ἔρρω (ἐρρ-ε-), θέρομαι*, στέρομαι, φέρω, ἐπαυρέω*, (ἐπαυρ-ε-), and κυρέω* (κυρ-ε-), τορέω* (τορ-ε).
III. ἀγάλλομαι, ἀγγέλλω, αἰόλλω*, ἄλλομαι, ἀτιτάλλω*, βάλλω, δαιδάλλω*, θάλλω, ἰάλλω*, ἰνδάλλομαι*, ὀκέλλω, ὀφείλω (ὀφελ-, ὀφειλε-), ὀφέλλω*, πάλλω, ποικίλλω, σκέλλω*, στέλλω, -τέλλω, τίλλω*, σφάλλω, ψάλλω.—-αινω verbs (the following list includes primitives, and most of the denominatives in classical Greek from extant ν-stems, or from stems which once contained ν; 518 a): αἵνω*, ἀσθμαίνω*, ἀφραίνω*, δειμαίνω*, δραίνω*, εὐφραίνω, θαυμαίνω, ἰαίνω*, καίνω*, κραίνω*, κῡμαίνω*, κωμαίνω*, λῡμαίνομαι, μελαίνομαι, ξαίνω, ὀνομαίνω*, πημαίνω*, πιαίνω*, ποιμαίνω, ῥαίνω, σαίνω, σημαίνω, σπερμαίνω*, τεκταίνομαι, φαίνω, φλεγμαίνω, χειμαίνω*, χραίνω. All other denominatives in -αινω are due to analogy; as ἀγριαίνω, αὑαίνω, γλυκαίνω, δυσχεραίνω, ἐχθραίνω, θερμαίνω, ἰσχναίνω, κερδαίνω, κοιλαίνω, κῡδαίνω*, λεαίνω, λευκαίνω*, μαραίνω, μαργαίνω*, μιαίνω, μωραίνω, ξηραίνω, ὁρμαίνω*, ὀσφραίνομαι, πεπαίνω, περαίνω, πικραίνω, ῥυπαίνω, τετραίνω, ὑγιαίνω, ὑδραίνω*, ὑφαίνω, χαλεπαίνω.—ἀλεείνω*, γείνομαι*, ἐρεείνω*, θείνω*, κτείνω, πειρείνω*, στείνω*, τείνω, φαείνω*.— κλί̄νω (κλι-ν-), κρί̄νω (κρι-ν-), ὀρί̄νω*, σί̄νομαι (Xenoph.), ὠδί̄νω.—αἰσχύ̄νω, ἀλγύ̄νω, ἀρτύ̄νω*, βαθύ̄νω, βαρύ̄νω, βραδύ̄νω*, ἡδύ̄νω, θαρσύ̄νω, ἰθύ̄νω*, λεπτύ̄νω, ὀξύ̄νω, ὀρτύ̄νω*, πλύ̄νω.—αἴρω, ἀσπαίρω, γεραίρω*, ἐναίρω*, ἐχθαίρω*, καθαίρω, μαρμαίρω*, μεγαίρω*, σαίρω*, σκαίρω, τεκμαίρομαι, χαίρω (χαρ-ε-), ψαίρω.—ἀγείρω, ἀμείρω*, δείρω, ἐγείρω, εἴρομαι*, -εἴρω join, εἴρω* say, ἱμείρω*, κείρω, μείρομαι, πείρω*, σπείρω, τείρω*, φθείρω.— οἰκτί̄ρω (miswritten οἰκτείρω).— κινύ̄ρομαι *, μαρτύ̄ρομαι, μινύ̄ρομαι*, μορμύ̄ρω*, μύ̄ρω*, ὀδύ̄ρομαι, ὀλοφύ̄ρομαι, πορφύ̄ρω*, σύ̄ρω, φύ̄ρω*.
IV. a. κάμνω, τέμνω; b. ὀφλισκάνω (ὀφλ-ε-); h. βαίνω, κερδαίνω, τετραίνω (also Class III); i. ὀσφραίνομαι (ὀσφρ-ε-), also Class III. V. See 527.
621
Stop Verbs.—Many verb stems end in a stop (or mute) consonant.
The present is formed either from the simple verb-stem, as in πλέκ-ω weave, or by the addition of τ or [ιγλιδε] (y) to the verb-stem, as in βλάπτω (βλαβ-) injure, φυλάττω (φυλακ-[ιγλιδε]ω) guard. All tenses except the present and imperfect are formed without the addition of τ or ῖ to the verb-stem; thus, βλάψω from βλαβ-σ-ω, φυλάξω from φυλακ-σ-ω.
622
Some monosyllabic stems show a variation in the quantity of the stem vowel ι or υ, as τρί̄βω rub perf. τέτρῐφα, ψύ̄χω cool 2 aor. pass. ἐψύ̆χην, τήκω melt (Doric τά̄κω) 2 aor. pass. ἐτά̆κην. Cp. 475, 477 c, 500. Many monosyllabic stems show qualitative vowel gradation: ι ει οι; υ ευ ου; α η ω; α ε ο. For examples see 477-484.
623
List of Stop Verbs.—The arrangement of the examples is by classes of the present stem. Words poetic or mainly poetic or poetic and Ionic are starred. The determination of the final consonant of the verb-stem of verbs in -ζω, -ττω (poetic, Ionic, and later Attic -σσω) is often impossible (516).
π —I. βλέπω, δρέπω, ἔλπω*, ἐνέπω*, ἕπομαι, ἐρείπω*, ἕρπω, λάμπω, λείπω, λέπω, μέλπω*, πέμπω, πρέπει, ῥέπω, τέρπω, τρέπω.
II. ἀστράπτω, γνάμπτω*, δάπτω*, ἐνίπτω*, ἐρέπτομαι*, ἰάπτω*, κάμπτω, κλέπτω, κόπτω, μάρπτω*, σκέπτομαι, σκήπτω, σκηρίπτομαι*, σκώπτω, χαλέπτω, and δουπέω* (δουπ-ε-), κτυπέω* (κτυπ-ε-), τύπτω (τυπ-ε-).
β —I. ἀμείβομαι, θλί̄βω, λείβω*, σέβομαι, στείβω*, τρί̄βω, φέβομαι*.
II. βλάπτω, καλύπτω.—IV. c. λαμβάνω (λαβ-).
φ —I. ἀλείφω, γλύφω, γράφω, ἐρέφω, μέμφομαι, νείφει (νί̄φει), νήφω, στέφω, στρέφω, τρέφω, τύ̄φω*.
II. ἅπτω, βάπτω, δρύπτω*, θάπτω (125 g), θρύπτω (125 g), κρύπτω (κρυφ-, κρυβ-), κύ̄πτω, λάπτω, ῥάπτω, ῥί̄πτω (ἐρρίφ-ην, but ῥῑπ-ή), σκάπτω.
IV. a. πίτνω* = πί̄πτω.—ἀλφάνω* (ἀλφ-).—V. ἀπαφίσκω* (ἀφ-ε-).
τ —I. δατέομαι* (δατ-ε-), κεντέω* (κεντ-ε-), πατέομαι (πατ-ε-), πέτομαι (πετ-, πτε-).
III. ἀγρώσσω*, αἱμάσσω*, βλίττω (βλιτ- from μλιτ-, 130), βράττω, ἐρέσσω*, λίσσομαι*, πυρέττω (πυρετ-, πυρεγ-).
IV. b. ἁμαρτάνω (ἁμαρτ-ε-), βλαστάνω (βλαστ-ε-).
δ —I. ᾁδω, ἀλίνδω* (ἀλινδ-ε-), ἀμέρδω*, ἄρδω, ἔδω*, εἴδομαι*, ἐπείγω, ἐρείδω*, (καθ) εύδω (εὑδ-ε-), ἥδομαι, κήδω* (κηδ-ε-), κυλίνδω*, μέδομαι* (μεδ-ε-), μήδομαι*, πέρδομαι, σπένδω, σπεύδω, φείδομαι (also Epic φειδε-), ψεύδομαι, and κελαδέω* (κελαδ-ε-).
III. Examples of denominatives from actual δ-stems. γυμνάζω, δεκάζω, διχάζω, μιγάζομαι*, ὀπίζομαι*, παίζω, πεμπάζω, ψακάζω.—αὐλίζομαι, δωρίζω, ἐλπίζω, ἐρίζω, κερκίζω, ληΐζομαι, στολίζω, φροντίζω, ψηφίζω.
IV. ἁνδάνω* (ἁδ-ε-), κερδαίνω (κερδαν-, κερδ-ε-), οἰδάνω* (οἰδ-ε-), χανδάνω (χαδ-, χανδ-, χενδ-).
θ —I. αἴθω*, ἄλθομαι* (ἀλθ-ε-), ἄχθομαι, βρώθω*, εἴωθα (ἐθ-, 563 a), ἐρεύθω*, ἔχθω*, κεύθω*, κλώθω*, λήθω*, πείθω, πέρθω*, πεύθομαι*, πύ̄θω, and γηθέω (γηθ-ε-), ὠθέω (ὠθ-ε-).
III. κορύσσω*.
IV. b. αἰσθάνομαι (αἰσθ-ε-), ἀπεχθάνομαι (ἐχθ-ε-), δαρθάνω (δαρθ-ε-), ὀλισθάνω (ὀλισθ-ε-), λανθάνω (λαθ-), μανθάνω (μαθ-ε-), πυνθάνομαι (πυθ-).
V. πάσχω for παθ-σκω (98, 126).
κ —I. βρύ̄κω, δέρκομαι*, διώκω, εἴκω yield, εἴκω* resemble, ἔλκω, ἐρείκω*, ἐρύ̄κω*, ἥκω, ἵ̄κω*, πείκω*, πλέκω, ῥέγκω*, τήκω, τίκτω (τεκ-) and δοκέω (δοκ-ε-), μηκάομαι (μηκ-α-), μῡκάομαι (μῡκ-α-).
III. αἰνίττομαι, ᾁττω, δεδίττομαι, ἑλίττω, ἐνίσσω*, θωρήσσω*, κηρύ̄ττω, μαλάττω, μύττω, πέττω (and πέπτω), πλίσσομαι*, φρί̄ττω, πτήσσω, φυλάττω.
IV. a. δάκνω; d. ἱκνέομαι (ἱκ-).—V. See 527 b.
γ —I. ἄγω, ἀμέλγω, ἀρήγω*, ἐπείγω, εἴργω, ἐρεύγομαι*, θέλγω*, θήγω, λέγω, λήγω, ὀρέγω*, πνί̄γω, στέγω, στέργω, σφίγγω, τέγγω, τμήγω*, τρώγω, φεύγω, φθέγγομαι, φλέγω, φρύ̄γω, ψέγω, and ῥῑγέω (ῥῑγ-ε-), στυγέω (στυγ-ε-).
III. ἔρδω* and ῥέζω* (511).—ἅζομαι*, ἀλαλάζω*, ἀλαπάζω*, ἁρπάζω, αὐδάζω, βαστάζω, κρά̄ζω, πλάζω*, στάζω, στενάζω, σφάζω* (σφάττω).—δαΐζω*, θωμίζω*, κρίζω, μαστίζω, σαλπίζω, στηρίζω, στίζω, στροφαλίζω*, σῡρίζω, τρίζω*, φορμίζω*.—ἀτύζομαι*, γρύζω, μύζω, ὀλολύζω, σφύζω.—οἰμώζω.
IV. c. θιγγάνω (θιγ-).—V. μίσγω (526 c).
χ —I. ἄγχω, ἄρχω, βραχ- in ἔβραχε*, βρέχω, γλίχομαι, δέχομαι, ἐλέγχω, ἔρχομαι, εὔχομαι, ἔχω (σεχ-), ἰάχω*, ἴσχω (σισχ-ω), λείχω*, μάχομαι (μαχ-ε-), νήχω*, οἴχομαι (οἰχ-ε-, οἰχ-ο-), σμύ̄χω*, σπέρχω*, στείχω*, τεύχω*, τρέχω, τρύ̄χω (τρῡχ-ο-), ψήχω, ψύ̄χω, and βρῡχάομαι* (βρῡχ-α-).
III. ἀμύσσω*, βήττω, θρά̄ττω, ὀρύττω, πτύσσω, πτώσσω*, ταράττω.
IV. c. κιγχάνω* (κιχ-ε-), λαγχάνω (λαχ-), τυγχάνω (τυχ-ε, τευχ-).—d. ἀμπισχνέομαι (ἀμπεχ-), ὑπισχνέομαι (ὑπεχ-).—V. διδάσκω (διδαχ-).
ξ, ψ—I. ἀλέξω* (ἀλεξ-ε-, ἀλεκ-), αὔξω.—IV. b. αὐξάνω (αὐξ-ε-).—I. ἕψω (ἑψ-ε-).
624
Verbs in ς or Ϝ([υγλιδε]).—Some verb-stems ended originally in ς or ϝ.
a. Sigma-stems (cp. 488 d) with presents either from -σ-ω or -σ-[ιγλιδε]ω. Thus (1) from -σ-ω: ἀκούω, αὕω burn, γεύω, εὕω, ζέω, θραύω, κρούω, νί̄σομαι* (νινσ-ομαι, cp. νόσ-τος), ξέω, σείω, τρέω*; (2) from -σ-[ιγλιδε]ω (488 d): ἀγαίομαι*, αἰδέομαι, ἀκέομαι (Hom. ἀκείομαι), ἀρκέω, γελάω, κείω* split, κλείω* (i.e. κλεέω) celebrate, κονί̄ω*, λιλαίομαι*, μαίομαι*, ναίω* dwell, νεικέω (Hom. νεικείω), οἰνοβαρείω*, οἴομαι (from ὀΐομαι), πενθέω (Hom. πενθείω), πτίττω (πτινσ-[ιγλιδε]ω), τελέω (Hom. τελείω), and some others that do not lengthen the vowel of the verb-stem (488).
Also others, such as ἀρέσκω (ἀρεσ-), ἕννῡμι, ζώννῡμι, σβέννῡμι (732).—ς is retained in τέρσομαι*.
b. ϝ-stems (from -[υγλιδε]-[ιγλιδε]ω): γαίω*, δαίω* kindle, καίω (520), κλαίω (520), ναίω* swim, flow ι 222.—For the loss of ϝ in θέω, etc., see 43, 503.
INFLECTION OF Ω-VERBS
625
Verbs which end in ω in the first person present indicative active, and deponent verbs in which the personal endings are preceded by the thematic vowel, have the following peculiarities of inflection:
a. The thematic vowel usually appears in all tenses except the perfect and pluperfect middle (passive) and the aorist passive (except in the subjunctive). These three tenses are inflected like μι-verbs.
b. The present and future singular active end in -ω, -εις, -ει (463). The ending -μι appears only in the optative.
c. The thematic vowel ο unites in the indicative with the ending -ντι, and forms -ουσι (463 d).
d. The third plural active of past tenses ends in -ν.
e. The imperative active has no personal ending in the second person singular except -ο-ν in the first aorist.
f. Except in the perfect and pluperfect the middle endings -σαι and -σο lose ς and contract with the final vowel of the tense-stem (465 a, b). In the optative contraction cannot take place (λύ̄οι-(σ)ο, λύ̄σαι-(σ)ο).
g. The infinitive active has -ειν (for -ε-εν) in the present, future, and second aorist; -ε-ναι in the perfect; and -αι in the aorist.
h. Active participles with stems in -οντ- have the nominative masculine in -ων.
626
In 627-716 the method of inflection of all ω-verbs, both vowel and consonant, is described. The examples are generally taken from vowel verbs, but the statements hold true of consonant verbs.
Forms of ω-verbs which are inflected according to the non-thematic conjugation are included under the ω-verbs.
PRESENT AND IMPERFECT ACTIVE AND MIDDLE (PASSIVE)
For the formation of the present stem see 497-531.
627
Indicative.—Vowel and consonant verbs in -ω inflect the present by attaching the primary endings (when there are any) to the present stem in -όε (-ώη-). λύ̄ω, τῑμῶ (τῑμά-ω), φαίνω, λείπω. The imperfect attaches the secondary endings to the present stem with the augment. See the paradigms, pp. 114, 120. For the active forms -ω, -εις, -ει, see 463.
628
-ῃ and -ει are found in the pres. fut. mid. and pass., fut. perf. pass. ε-(σ)αι yields ῃ (written EI in the Old Attic alphabet, 2 a), which is usually given as the proper spelling in the texts of the tragic poets, whereas ει is printed in the texts of prose and comedy. ει was often written for ηι (ῃ) after 400 B.C., as in ἀγαθεῖ τύχει, since both had the sound of a close long e. It is often impossible to settle the spelling; but βούλει wishest, οἴει thinkest, and ὄψει shalt see (from ὁράω) have only the -ει forms. -ει is sometimes called Attic and Ionic in contrast to -ῃ of the other dialects, including the Koiné.
629
Subjunctive.—The present subjunctive adds the primary endings to the tense-stem with the long thematic vowel. For the endings -ῃς, -ῃ see 463. Thus, λύ̄ω, -ῃς, -ῃ, τῑμᾷς ( = τῑμά-ῃς), τῑμᾷ ( = τῑμά-ῃ), φαίνωμεν, -ητε, -ωσι (from -ωντι). Middle λύ̄ω-μαι, λύ̄ῃ ( = λύ̄η-σαι), λύ̄η-ται; τῑμᾶ-σθον ( = τῑμάη-σθον); φαινώ-μεθα, φαίνη-σθε, φαίνω-νται.
630
Optative.—To the tense-stem ending in the thematic vowel (always ο) are added the mood-sign -ῑ- (-ιε-) or -ιη- (459, 460) and the secondary personal endings (except -μι for -ν, where the mood sign is -ῑ-, 459). In the 3 pl. we have -ιε-ν.
a. The final vowel of the tense-stem (ο) contracts with the mood suffix (ῑ), ο-ῑ becoming οι. Thus λύ̄οιμι (λύ̄ο-ῑ-μι), λύ̄οις (λύ̄ο-ῑ-ς), λύ̄οιεν (λύ̄ο-ιε-ν), λῡοίμην (λῡο-ί̄-μην), λύ̄οιο (λύ̄ο-ῑ-σο).
631
Imperative.—The present imperative endings are added to the tensestem with the thematic vowel ε (ο before -ντων). The 2 pers. sing. active has no ending, but uses the tense-stem instead (παίδευε, φαῖνε). In the middle -σο loses its ς (466, 2 a); λύ̄ου from λύ̄ε-σο, φαίνου from φαίνε-σο. On the forms in -ετωσαν and -εσθωσαν for -οντων and -εσθων, see 466, 2 b.
632
Infinitive.—The present stem unites with -εν: λύ̄ε-εν ῀ λύ̄ειν, λείπε-εν ῀ λείπειν. In the middle (passive) -σθαι is added: λύ̄ε-σθαι, λείπε-σθαι.
632 D
Severer Doric has ἔχην and ἔχεν; Milder Doric has ἔχειν; Aeolic has ἔχην. Hom. has ἀμύ̄νειν, ἀμῡνέμεναι, ἀμῡνέμεν.
633
Participle.—The present participle adds -ντ- to the present stem ending in the thematic vowel ο. Stems in -ο-ντ have the nominative singular in -ων. Thus masc. λύ̄ων from λῡοντ-ς, fem. λύ̄ουσα from λῡοντ-[ιγλιδε]α, neut. λῦον from λῡον(τ). See 301 a and N.
633 D
Aeolic has fem. -οισα in the present and second aorist (37 D. 3), λύ̄οισα, λίποισα.
634
A few ω-verbs in the present and imperfect show forms of the μι-conjugation. These are usually Epic.
δέχομαι, 3 pl. δέχαται await for δεχṇται, part. δέγμενος, imperf. ἐδέγμην. But these are often regarded as perfect and pluperfect without reduplication. ἐδέγμην in some passages is a second aorist (688).—ἔδω eat (529. 5), inf. ἔδμεναι.—ἐρύω (or εἰρύω) in εἰρύαται.—λοῦται wash is from λόεται, not from λούω (cp. 398 a).— οἶμαι think is probably a perfect to οἴομαι (οἰ-ο-).—οὐτάω wound in οὖτα, οὐτάμεναι is 2 aor.—φέρω bear, imper. φέρτε.
CONTRACT VERBS
Verbs in -αω, -εω, -οω contract the final α, ε, ο of the verb-stem with the thematic vowel -όε (-ώη) in the present and imperfect tenses. Thus, τῑμάω τῑμῶ, ποιέω ποιῶ, δηλόω δηλῶ; ἐτί̄μαον ἐτί̄μων, ἐποίεον ἐποίουν, ἐδήλοον ἐδήλουν. The rules of contraction are given in 4955; the paradigms, p. 120.
a. Open forms of -εω verbs occur in the lyric parts of tragedy.
Subjunctive.—The subjunctive adds the primary endings. For the contractions see 59.
Optative.—άοι becomes ῷ, έοι and όοι become οῖ. Thus. -άο-ῑ-μι ῀ -ῷμι, -αο-ίη-ν ῀ -ῴην, -αο-ί̄-μην ῀ -ῴμην; -έο-ῑ-μι ῀ -οῖμι, -εο-ίη-ν ῀ -οίην, -εο-ί̄-μην ῀ -οίμην; -όο-ῑ-μι ῀ -οῖμι, -ο-ίη-ν ῀ -οίην, -οο-ί̄-μην ῀ -οίμην. Thus, τῑμῴην (τῑμαο-ίη-ν), τῑμῴης (τῑμαο-ίη-ς), τῑμῴη (τῑμαο-ίη), τῑμῴμην (τῑμαο-ί̄-μην), ποιοῖο (ποιέο-ῑ-σο), ποιοῖτο (ποιέο-ῑ-το).
In the singular -αω verbs usually end in -ῴην, -ῴης, -ώῃ, rarely in -ῷμι, -ῷς, -ῷ. -εω verbs usually end in -οίην, -οίης, -οίη, rarely in -οῖμι, -οῖς, -οῖ (-οῖ chiefly in Plato).
In the dual and plural -αω verbs usually end in -ῷτον, -ῴτην, -ῷμεν, -ῷτε, -ῷεν, rarely in -ῴητον, -ῳήτην, -ῴημεν, -ῴητε, -ῴησαν. -εω verbs usually end in -οῖτον, -οίτην, -οῖμεν, -οῖτε, -οῖεν, rarely in -οίητον, -οιήτην, -οίημεν, -οίητε, -οίησαν.
Few cases of the optative of -οω verbs occur. In the sing. both -οίην and -οῖμι are found; in the plur. -οῖμεν, -οῖτε, -οῖεν. For ῥῑγῴην from ῥῑγόω shiver see 641.
Several contract verbs have stems in -ᾱ, -η, -ω.
These are the verbs of 394, 398 with apparently irregular contraction, and δρῶ do; with presents made from -ᾱ-[ιγλιδε]ω, -η-[ιγλιδε]ω, -ω-[ιγλιδε]ω. Thus, from ζήω, ζήεις, ζήει and χρήομαι, χρήε(σ)αι, χρήεται come ζῶ, ζῇς, ζῇ and χρῶμαι, χρῇ, χρῆται; so διψῆν, πεινῆν from διψή-εν, πεινή-εν. ίδρόω, ῥῑγόω (398) derive the forms in ω and ῳ from ἱδρω-, ῥῑγω- (ἱδρώω, ῥῑγώω from ἱδρωσ-[ιγλιδε]ω, ῥῑγωσ-[ιγλιδε]ω). The forms in -οω are from the weaker stems ἰδροσ-, ῥῑγοσ-.
Hom. has διψά̄ων, πεινά̄ων, πεινήμεναι, μνά̄ομαι, χρήων (Mss. χρείων) uttering oracles, γελώω, ἱδρώω. The verbs in 394, except διψῶ and πεινῶ, have stems in η and ᾰ (36 e); thus, in Hdt., χρᾶται from χράεται, but χρέω imper., χρεώμενος from χρῆο, χρηόμενος by 34. Hom. and Ion. ζώω has the stem ζω (ζω-[ιγλιδε]ω). Hdt. has ζῆν, διψῆν, but κνᾶν, σμᾶν.
CONTRACT VERBS IN THE DIALECTS
-αω Verbs in Homer.—Hom. leaves -αω verbs open 64 times, as ναιετάω, -άουσι, ὑλάει, ἀοιδιάουσα, γοάοιμεν, τηλεθάοντας. When contracted, -αω verbs have the Attic forms, as ὁρῶ, ὁρᾷς, ὁρᾷ; as πειρᾷ makest trial from πειράε-(σ)αι from πειράομαι; ἠρῶ didst pray from ἠράε-(σ)ο from ἀράομαι.
When uncontracted, verbs in -αω often show in the Mss. of Hom., not the original open forms, but “assimilated” forms of the concurrent vowels, αε, αει, αη giving a double a sound by α prevailing over the e sound; αο, αω, αοι, αου giving a double o sound by the o sound prevailing over the α. One of the vowels is commonly lengthened, rarely both.
| αε = (1) | αα : ὁράεσθαι ῀ ὁράασθαι, ἀγά- |
| εσθε ῀ ἀγάασθε. | |
| = (2) | ᾱα : μνάεσθαι ῀ μνά̄ασθαι, ἠγά- |
| εσθε ῀ ἠγά̄ασθε. | |
| αει = (1) | αᾳ : ὁράεις ῀ ὁράᾳς, ἐάει ῀ ἐάᾳ. |
| = (2) | ᾱᾳ : μενοινάει ῀ μενοινά̄ᾳ. |
| αῃ = (1) | αᾳ : ἐάῃς ῀ ἐάᾳς. |
| = (2) | ᾱᾳ : μνάῃ wooest 2 sing. mid. |
| = μνά̄ᾳ. | |
| αο = (1) | οω : ὁράοντες ῀ ὁρόωντες. |
| = (2) | ωο : ἡβάοντες ῀ ἡβώοντες, μνά- |
| οντο ῀ μνώοντο. | |
| αω = (1) | οω : ὁράω ῀ ὁρόω, βοάων ῀ |
| βοόων. | |
| = (2) | ωω : μενοινάω ῀ μενοινώω. |
| αοι = (1) | οῳ : ὁράοιτε ῀ ὁρόῳτε. |
| = (2) | ωοι :ἡβάοιμι ῀ ἡβώοιμι. |
| αου = (1) | οω : ὁράουσα ῀ ὁρόωσα, ὁρά- |
| ουσι ῀ ὁρόωσι, ἀλάου (from | |
| ἀλάεο imper. of ἀλάομαι) = | |
| ἀλόω. | |
| = (2) | ωω : ἡβάουσα ῀ ἡβώωσα, δρά- |
| ουσι ῀ δρώωσι. ου here is | |
| a spurious diphthong (6) | |
| derived from -οντ-: ὁρα- | |
| οντ-[ιγλιδε]α, ἡβαοντ-[ιγλιδε]α, δρά̄οντι; | |
| or by contraction in ἀλάου | |
| from ἀλάεο. |
N.—ἀλόω from ἀλάεο wander is unique. γελώοντες is from γελώω (641).
The assimilated forms are used only when the second vowel (in the unchanged form) stood in a syllable long by nature or position. Hence ὁροωμεν, ὁραατε, ὁραατο, do not occur for ὁράομεν, etc. (μνωόμενος for μνᾱόμενος is an exception.) The first vowel is lengthened only when the metre requires it, as in ἡβώοντες for ἡβάοντες ¯ ˘ ¯ ˘. Thus two long vowels do not occur in succession except to fit the form to the verse, as μενοινώω for μενοινάω; but ἡβώοιμι, not ἡβώῳμι. When the first vowel is metrically lengthened, the second vowel is not lengthened, though it may be long either in a final syllable (as in μενοινά̄ᾳ) or when it represents the spurious diphthong ου from -οντ- (as in ἡβώωσα, δρώωσι for ἡβάουσα, δρά̄ουσι from -οντ[ιγλιδε]α, -οντι).
The assimilated forms include the “Attic” future in -αω from -ασω (539); as ἐλόωσι ( = ἐλάουσι), κρεμόω, δαμάᾳ, δαμόωσι.
The assimilated forms are found only in the artificial language of Homer, Hesiod, and their imitators, and nowhere in the living speech. They are commonly explained as derived from the contracted forms by a process of ‘distraction,’ and as inserted in the text for the sake of the metre. Thus ὁρᾷς, βοῶντες, the spoken forms which had taken the place of original ὁράεις, βοάοντες, in the text, were expanded into ὁράᾳς, βοόωντες, by repetition of the α and ο. While the restoration of the original uncontracted forms is generally possible, and is adopted in several modern editions, a phonetic origin of many of the forms in question is still sought by some scholars who regard ὁρόω as an intermediate stage between ὁράω and ὁρῶ. It will be observed, however, that the forms in 648 can be derived only from the unassimilated forms.
In the imperfect contraction generally occurs, and assimilation is rare.
-αω verbs in Herodotus.—Hdt. contracts -αω verbs as they are contracted in Attic. In many cases before an ο sound the Mss. substitute ε for α (τολμέω, ὁρέων, ἐφοίτεον). This ε is never found in all the forms of the same verb, and the Mss. generally disagree on each occurrence of any form.—Hdt. always has -ῴην, -ῴμην, in the optative.
-εω verbs in Homer.—a. Hom. rarely contracts εω and εο (except in the participle). In a few cases ευ appears for εο, as ποιεύμην; rarely for εου, as τελεῦσι. When the metre allows either -εε and -εει, or -ει, the open forms are slightly more common. ει is often necessary to admit a word into the verse (as ἡγεῖσθαι, ἐφίλει), and is often found at the verse-end. -έ-ε-αι, -έ-ε-ο, in the 2 sing. mid. may become -εῖαι, -εῖο, or -έαι, -έο, by the expulsion of one ε; as μῡθεῖαι or μῡθέαι sayest, αἰδεῖο show regard.
b. νεικείω, τελείω, from -εσ-[ιγλιδε]ω (νεικεσ-, τελεσ-) are older forms than νεικέω, τελέω. See 488 d, 624. θείω, πλείω, πνείω show metrical lengthening (28 D.).
c. On -ημεναι in Hom. see 657.
-εω verbs in Herodotus.—a. Hdt. generally leaves εο, εω, εου, open, except when a vowel precedes the ε, in which case we find ευ for εο (ἀγνοεῦντες). In the 3 plur. -έουσι is kept except in ποιεῦσι. For -έ-εο in the 2 sing. mid. we find έ-ο in αἰτέο. εε, εει, in stems of more than one syllable, are usually uncontracted in the Mss., but this is probably an error. δεῖ it is necessary and δεῖν are never written otherwise.—The Ion. ευ for εο, εου, occurs rarely in tragedy.
b. In the optative Hdt. has -έοι after a consonant, as καλέοι, but -οῖ after a vowel, as ποιοῖμι, ποιοῖ.
Verbs in -οω.—a. Hom. always uses the contracted forms except in the case of such as show assimilation like that in -αω verbs.
| οο = (1) οω : δηϊόοντο ῀ δηϊόωντο. | οοι ῀ οῳ : δηιόοιεν ῀ δηιόῳεν. |
| (2) ωο : ὑπνόοντας ῀ ὑπνώοντας. | οου ῀ οω : ἀρόουσι ῀ ἀρόωσι. |
b. Hdt. contracts -οω verbs as in Attic. Forms with ευ for ου, as δικαιεῦσι, ἐδικαίευν, are incorrect.
Doric.—Doric (59 D.) contracts αε and αη to η; αει and αῃ to ῃ; αο, αω, to ᾱ except in final syllables: τῑμῶ, τῑμῇς, τῑμῇ, τῑμᾶμες, τῑμῆτε, τῑμᾶντι, τί̄μη, τῑμῆν. Monosyllabic stems have ω from α ¨ ο or α ¨ ω. Some verbs in -αω have alternative forms in -εω (648), as ὁρέω, τῑμέω.
The contractions of -εω verbs in Doric may be illustrated thus:
| Severer Doric | Milder Doric |
| φιλέω, φιλῶ, φιλίω | φιλέω, φιλῶ |
| φιλεῖς, φιλέσ(?) | φιλεῖς, φιλέσ(?) |
| φιλεῖ | φιλεῖ |
| φιλέομες, φιλίομες, φιλίωμες, φιλῶμες | φιλέομες, φιλοῦμες, φιλεῦμες |
| φιλῆτε | φιλεῖτε |
| φιλέοντι, φιλίοντι, φιλόντι | φιλέοντι, φιλοῦντι, φιλεῦντι |
a. ιω for εο is a diphthong. ευ for εο is common in Theocritus. In Cretan ι ( = y) for ε is often expelled (κοσμόντες ῀ κοσμέοντες).
Verbs in -οω contract οο and οε to ω in Severer Doric and to ου in Milder Doric.
Aeolic.—In Aeolic contract verbs commonly pass into the μι-conjugation: τί̄μαιμι, -αις, -αι, τί̄μᾱμεν, τί̄μᾱτε, τί̄μαισι, imperfect, ἐτί̄μᾱν, ἐτί̄μᾱς, ἐτί̄μᾱ, etc. inf. τί̄μᾱν, part. τί̄μαις, -αντος, mid. τί̄μᾱμαι, inf. τῑμά̄μεναι. So φίλημι, φίλημεν, φίλητε, φίλεισι, ἐφίλην, inf. φίλην, part. φίλεις, -εντος. Thus ὄρημι from ὀρέω = Att. ὁράω, κάλημι, αἴνημι. So also δήλωμι, 3 pl. δήλοισι, inf. δήλων. Besides these forms we find a few examples of the earlier inflection in -αω, -εω, -οω, but these forms usually contract except in a few cases where ε is followed by an ο sound (ποτέονται). From other tenses, e.g. the fut. in -ησω, η has been transferred to the present in ἀδικήω, ποθήω.
Hom. has several cases of contract verbs inflected according to the μι- conjugation in the 3 dual: σῡλή-την (σῡλάω spoil), προσαυδή-την (προσαυδάω speak to), ἀπειλή-την (ἀπειλέω threaten), ὁμαρτή-την (ὁμαρτέω meet); also σάω 3 sing. imperf. (σαόω keep safe). In the infinitive -ημεναι, as γοήμεναι (γοάω), πεινήμεναι (πεινά̄ω, 641), φιλήμεναι (φιλέω), φορήμεναι and φορῆναι (φορέω). But ἀγῑνέω has ἀγῑνέμεναι.
FUTURE ACTIVE AND MIDDLE (532 ff.). FUTURE PERFECT (580 ff.)
658
All vowel and consonant verbs in -ω inflect the future alike.
659
Indicative.—The future active and middle add the primary endings, and are inflected like the present; as λύ̄σω, λύ̄σομαι. On the two endings of the second singular middle, see 628. Liquid verbs, Attic futures (538), Doric futures (540) are inflected like contract verbs in -εω; thus φανῶ φανοῦμαι, καλῶ καλοῦμαι, and πεσοῦμαι, follow ποιῶ ποιοῦμαι (385).
a. The only future perfect active from an ω-verb is τεθνήξω shall be dead (584), which is inflected like a future active. Ordinarily the periphrastic formation is used: λελευκὼς ἔσομαι shall have loosed. The future perfect passive (λελύ̄σομαι shall have been loosed) is inflected like the future middle. The periphrastic forms and the future perfect passive rarely occur outside of the indicative.
660
Optative.—The inflection is like the present: λύ̄σο-ῑ-μι, λῡσο-ί̄-μην. In the optative singular of liquid verbs, -ιη-ν, -ιη-ς, -ιη, in the dual and plural -ῑ-τον, -ῑ-την, -ῑ-μεν, -ῑ-τε, -ιε-ν, are added to the stem ending in the thematic vowel ο; thus φανεο-ίην ῀ φανοίην, φανέο-ῑ-μεν ῀ φανοῖμεν. So in Attic futures in -άζω, as βιβάζω (539 d) cause to go: βιβῴην, -ῴης, -ῴη, pl. βιβῷμεν.
661
Infinitive.—The future infinitive active adds -εν, as λύ̄σειν from λύ̄σε-εν, φανεῖν from φανέ(σ)ε-εν. The infinitive middle adds -σθαι, as λύ̄σε-σθαι, φανεῖσθαι, from φανέ(σ)ε-σθαι.
661 D
Hom. has ἀξέμεναι, ἀξέμεν, ἄξειν. Doric has -ην, -ειν; Aeolic has -ην.
662
Participle.—The future participle has the same endings as the present: λύ̄σων λύ̄σουσα λῦσον, φανῶν φανοῦσα φανοῦν; middle, λῡσόμενος, φανούμενος.
FIRST AND SECOND FUTURE PASSIVE (589, 597)
663
All verbs inflect the first and second future passive alike, that is, like the future middle.
664
The indicative adds -μαι to the stem ending in -θησο- or -ησο-, as λυθήσο-μαι, φανή-σο-μαι. For the two forms of the second person singular see 628. The optative adds -ῑ-μην, as λυθησο-ί̄-μην, φανησο-ί̄-μην. The infinitive adds -σθαι, as λυθή-σε-σθαι, φανή-σε-σθαι. The participle adds -μενος, as λυθησό-μενος, φανησό-μενος.
FIRST AORIST ACTIVE AND MIDDLE (542)
665
All vowel and consonant ω-verbs inflect the first aorist alike.
666
Indicative.—The secondary endings of the first aorist active were originally added to the stem ending in -σ-; thus, ἐλῡσṃ, ἐλῡσ-ς, ἐλῡσ-τ, ἐλῡσ-μεν, ἐλῡσ-τε, ἐλῡσ-ντ. From ἐλῡσṃ came ἔλῡσα (by 35 c), the α of which spread to the other forms except in the 3 sing., where ε was borrowed from the perfect.
a. In the middle the secondary endings are added to the stem ending in -σα-. For the loss of ς in -σο, see 465 b.
667
Subjunctive.—In the subjunctive the long thematic vowel -ώη- is substituted for the α of the indicative, and these forms are inflected like the present subjunctive: λύ̄σω λύ̄σωμαι, φήνω φήνωμαι. For the loss of ς in -σαι see 465 a.
667 D
Hom. has forms with the short thematic vowel, as ἐρύσσομεν, ἀλγήσετε, νεμεσήσετε; μῡθήσομαι, ἐφάψεαι, ἱ̄λασόμεσθα, δηλήσεται. In such forms aorist subjunctive and future indicative are alike (532). Pindar has βά̄σομεν, αὐδά̄σομεν (457 D.).
668
Optative.—To the stem ending in α the mood-suffix ῑ is added, making αι, to which the same endings are affixed as in the present: λύ̄σα-ῑ-μι ῀ λύ̄σαιμι, λῡσα-ί̄-μην ῀ λῡσαίμην, φήνα-ῑ-μι ῀ φήναιμι. The inflection in the middle is like that of the present. For the loss of ς in -σο see 465 b.—In the active -ειας, -ειε, -ειαν are more common than -αις, -αι, -αιεν.
668 D
Hom. has both sets of endings, but that in αι is rarer. In the drama -ειας is very much commoner than -αις. -αις is most frequent in Plato and Xenophon, less common in poetry, and very rare in the orators. Neither Thuc. nor Hdt. has -αις. -αι is rare in prose, most examples being in Plato and Demosthenes. Hdt. has no case. In Aristotle -αι is as common as -ειε. -αῖεν is very rare in poetry, in Thuc. and Hdt., but slightly better represented in Xenophon and the orators. -ειαν is probably the regular form in the drama.—The forms in -ειας, -ειε, -ειαν are called “Aeolic,” but do not occur in the remains of that dialect.
669
Imperative.—The regular endings (462) are added to the stem in -σα (or -α in liquid verbs) except in the active and middle 2 sing., in which -ον and -αι take the place of -α: λῦσον λῡσάτω, λῦσαι λῡσάσθω, φῆνον φηνάτω, φῆναι φηνάσθω.
670
Infinitive.—The aorist active infinitive ends in -αι, which is an old dative: the middle ends in -σθαι: λῦσαι λύ̄σα-σθαι, φῆναι φήνα-σθαι, πλέξαι πλέξα-σθαι.
671
Participle.—The active participle adds -ντ like the present: masc. λύ̄σᾱς from λῡσαντ-ς, fem. λύσᾱσα from λυσᾱντ-[ιγλιδε]α, neut. λῦσαν from λῡσαν(τ). See 301. The middle ends in -μενος: λῡσά-μενος, φηνά-μενος.
671 D
Aeolic has -αις, -αισα, -αν (37 D. 3).
FIRST AND SECOND AORIST PASSIVE (585, 590)
672
All vowel and consonant verbs in -ω inflect the aorists passive alike, that is, according to the μι-conjugation, except in the subjunctive.
a. Vowel verbs rarely form second aorists that are passive in form, as ῥέω flow, ἐρρύην (803). But ῥέω is properly not a vowel verb (see 503).
673
Indicative.—The indicative adds the active secondary endings directly to the tense stem ending in -θη- (first aorist) or -η- (second aorist). The inflection is thus like that of the imperfect of a verb in -μι.
| ἐλύθη-ν | ἐτίθη-ν | ἐλύθη-μεν | ἐτίθε-μεν | ||
| ἐλύθη-ς | ἐτίθη-ς | ἐλύθη-τον | ἐτίθε-τον | ἐλύθη-τε | ἐτίθε-τε |
| ἐλύθη | ἐτίθη | ἐλυθή-την | ἐτιθέ-την | ἐλύθη-σαν | ἐτίθε-σαν |
a. For -σαν we find -ν from -ν(τ) in poetical and dialectic forms before which η has been shortened to ε (40), thus ὥρμηθεν for ὡρμήθησαν from ὁρμάω urge.
674
Subjunctive.—The subjunctive adds -ώη- to the tense stem ending in -θε- or -ε- and contracts: λυθῶ, -ῇς, -ῇ, etc., from λυθέω, -έῃς, -έῃ, etc.; φανῶ, -ῇς, -ῇ from φανέω, -έῃς, -έῃ, etc.
674 D
Hdt. leaves εω open (αἱρεθέω, φανέωσι) but contracts εη, εῃ (φανῇ). Hom. has some forms like the 2 aor. subj. of μι-verbs. Thus, from δαμνάω (δάμνημι) subdue: δαμήω, -ήῃς, -ήῃ, -ήετε. So also δαήω (δα- learn), σαπήῃ (σήπω cause to rot), φανήῃ (φαίνω show), τραπήομεν (τέρπω amuse). The spellings with ει (e.g. δαμείω, δαείω) are probably incorrect.
675
Optative.—The optative adds -ῑ- or -ιη- to the tense-stem ending in -θε- or -ε-, and contracts. In the singular -ιη- is regular; in the dual and plural -ῑ- is generally preferred. Thus λυθείην from λυθε-ίη-ν, φανείην from φανε-ίη-ν, λυθεῖτον from λυθέ-ῑ-τον, φανεῖτον from φανέ-ῑ-τον, λυθεῖμεν from λυθέ-ῑ-μεν, φανεῖεν from φανέ-ιε-ν. The inflection is like that of the present optative of a μι-verb.
| λυθε-ίη-ν | τιθε-ίη-ν | λυθε-ῖ-μεν | τιθε-ῖ-μεν | ||
| λυθε-ίη-ς | τιθε-ίη-ς | λυθε-ῖ-τον | τιθε-ῖ-τον | λυθε-ῖ-τε | τιθε-ῖ-τε |
| λυθέ-ίη | τιθε-ίη | λυθε-ί-την | τιθε-ί-την | λυθε-ῖε-ν | τιθε-ῖε-ν |
a. -είημεν is used only in prose (but Plato and Isocrates have also -εῖμεν). -είητε is almost always found in the Mss. of prose writers; -εῖτε occurs only in poetry (except from μι-verbs). -εῖεν is more common in prose than -είησαν.
676
Imperative.—The endings of the imperative are added to the tense-stem ending in -θη- or -η-. Before -ντων, -θη- and -η- become -θε- and -ε- (λυθέντων, φανέντων). For -τι instead of -θι in the first aorist (λύθητι) see 125 b.
677
Infinitive.—-ναι is added to the tense-stem in -θη- or -η-: λυθῆ-ναι, φανῆ-ναι.
677 D
Hom. has -μεναι, as ὁμοιωθήμεναι, δαήμεναι (and δαῆναι). Doric has -μεν, Aeolic -ν (μεθύσθην ῀ μεθυσθῆναι).
678
Participle.—The participle adds -ντ, as masc. λυθείς from λυθεντ-ς, fem. λυθεῖσα from λυθεντ-[ιγλιδε]α, neut. λυθέν from λυθεν(τ). See 301. So φανείς, etc.
SECOND AORIST ACTIVE AND MIDDLE (546)
679
Most verbs in -ω inflect the second aorist according to the ω-conjugation; some inflect it according to the μι-conjugation.
680
The inflection of most second aorists of ω-verbs is like that of an imperfect of ω-verbs in the indicative, and like that of a present in the other moods.
| ἔ-λιπο-ν | ἔ-λῡο-ν | λίπε | λῦε |
| ἐ-λιπό-μην | ἐ-λῡό-μην | λιποῦ (424 b. 2) | λύ̄ου |
| λίπω | λύ̄ω | λιπεῖν ( λιπέ-εν , 424 c) | λύ̄ειν ( λύ̄ε-εν ) |
| λίπω-μαι | λύ̄ω-μαι | λιπέ-σθαι | λύ̄ε-σθαι |
| λιπο-ί-μην | λῡο-ί-μην | λιπών | λύ̄ων |
| λιπό-μενος | λῡό-μενος |
For the loss of ς in -σο in the second person singular see 465 b.
680 D
Hom. has the infinitives εἰπέμεναι, εἰπέμεν, εἰπεῖν. For θανέειν (Attic θανεῖν) etc., θανέεν should be read. -έειν in Hdt. is erroneous. Doric has -ῆν, as μολῆν (βλώσκω go). Aeolic has -ην, as λάβην.
681
A number of ω-verbs form their second aorists without a thematic vowel, herein agreeing with the second aorists of μι-verbs. Cp. ἔδῡν p. 140. The second aorist of γι-γνώ-σκω know is inflected as follows.
682
The indicative is inflected like ἔστην (p. 138); the subjunctive, like δῶ (p. 138).
| ἔ-γνω-ν | ἔ-γνω-μεν | γνῶ | γνῶ-μεν | ||
| ἔ-γνω-ς | ἔ-γνω-τον | ἔ-γνω-τε | γνῶ-ς | γνῶ-τον | γνῶ-τε |
| ἔ-γνω | ἐ-γνώ-την | ἔ-γνω-σαν | γνῶ | γνῶ-τον | γνῶ-σι |
a. We expect ἔγνοτον, ἔγνομεν, etc. (551), but the strong stem γνω- has been transferred to the dual and plural. So also in ἔβην, ἔφθην, ἑά̄λων.—Subjunctive βῶ, βῇς, βῇ, βῆτον, βῶμεν, βῆτε, βῶσι. On the formation of the subjunctive see 757 D.
682 D
ἔγνον, from ἐγνων(τ) by 40, is found in Pind. Hom. has ἔδυν, ἔτλαν, ἔκταν; Pind. ἔφυν.—Hom. has βά̆την and βήτην.—Hom. has βλήεται, ἅλεται. -Subj.: Hom. has γνώω ἁλώω, γνώῃς γνῷς, γνώῃ γνῷ, ἐμβήῃ ἀναβῇ, γνῶτον, γνώομεν γνῶμεν, -βήομεν φθέωμεν, γνώωσι γνῶσιν βῶσιν φθέωσιν.
683
The optative is inflected like δοίην (p. 138).
| γνοίην | γνοῖμεν or γνοίημεν | |
| γνοίης | γνοῖτον or γνοίητον | γνοῖτε or γνοίητε |
| γνοίη | γνοίτην or γνοιήτην | γνοῖεν or γνοίησαν |
a. So βαίην, βαῖτον or βαίητον, βαῖμεν or βαίημεν. In the 2 plur. the Mss. of prose writers have only -ιητε (γνοίητε, -βαίητε); but -ιητε is not attested by the evidence of verse.
684
The imperative is inflected like στῆθι (p. 139).
| γνῶθι, γνώτω | γνῶτον, γνώτων | γνῶτε, γνόντων |
a. In composition διάγνωθι, ἀνάβηθι (423). For βῆθι (from βαίνω) -βᾱ in composition occurs in poetry, as ἀνάβᾱ.
685
The infinitive adds -εναι, as γνῶναι from γνώ-εναι (like στῆναι from στή-εναι). In composition διαγνῶναι (426 d).
685 D
Hom. has γνώμεναι, δύ̄μεναι, κτάμεναι, and -κτάμεν.
686
The participle adds -ντ-, as masc. γνούς from γνοντ-ς, fem. γνοῦσα from γνοντ-[ιγλιδε]α, neut. γνόν from γνον(τ). See 301. In composition διαγνούς (426 d).
a. Before ντ the long vowel ω is regularly shortened to ο by 40.
687
The following ω-verbs have second aorists of the μι form.
ἁλίσκομαι (ἁλ-ο-) am captured, ἑά̄λων or ἥλων (ἁλῶ, ἁλοίην, ἁλῶναι, ἁλούς).
βαίνω (βα-<*> go, ἔβην (βῶ, βαίην, βῆθι and also -βᾱ in composition, βῆναι, βά̄ς).
βιόω (βιο-) live, ἐβίων (βιῶ, βιῴην, βιῶναι, βιούς). Hom. βιώτω imper.
γηράσκω (γηρα-) grow old, γηρᾶναι poet., γηρά̄ς Hom.
γιγνώσκω (γνο-, γνω-) know, ἔγνων (γνῶ, γνοίην, γνῶθι, γνῶναι, γνούς).
-διδρά̄σκω (δρᾱ-) run, only in composition, -έδρᾱν (-δρῶ, -δραίην, -δρᾶναι, -δρά̄ς). Hdt. has ἔδρην, δρῆναι, δρά̄ς in composition.
δύ̄ω (δῡ-) enter ἔδῡν entered inflected p. 140 (δύ̄ω, opt. Hom. δύ̄η and ἔκδῡμεν for δυ-ίη, ἐκδύ-ῑ-μεν; δῦθι, δῦναι, δύ̄ς).
ἔχω (σχε-) have, σχές imper.
κτείνω (κτεν-, κτα-) kill, ἔκτᾰν, ἔκτᾰς, ἔκτᾰ, ἔκτᾰμεν, 3 pl. ἔκτᾰν 551 D, subj. κτέωμεν, inf. κτάμεναι κτάμεν, part κτά̄ς; ἐκτάμην was killed (κτάσθαι, κτάμενος); all poetic forms.
πέτομαι (πετ-, πτε-, πτα-) fly, poet. ἔπτην (πταίην, πτά̄ς), middle ἐπτάμην (πτάσθαι, πτάμενος). πτῶ, πτῆθι, πτῆναι are late.
πί̄νω (πι-) drink, πῖθι imper.
σκέλλω in ἀποσκέλλω (σκελ-, σκλε-) dry up, ἀποσκλῆναι.
τλα- endure, fut. τλήσομαι, poetic ἔτλην (τλῶ, τλαίην, τλῆθι, τλῆναι, τλά̄ς).
φθάνω (φθα-) anticipate, ἔφθην (φθῶ, φθαίην, φθῆναι, φθά̄ς).
φύ̄ω (φῠ̄-) produce, ἔφῡν was produced, am (φύω subj., φῦναι, φύ̄ς 308).
688
The following ω-verbs have in poetry (especially in Homer) second aorists of the μι form: ἅλλομαι (ἆλσο, ἆλτο), ἀπαυράω (ἀπούρᾱς), ἀραρίσκω (ἄρμενος), ἄω (ἄ̄μεναι), βάλλω (ξυμβλήτην, ἔβλητο), βιβρώσκω (ἔβρων), root γεν- (γέντο grasped), δέχομαι (δέκτο), Epic κιχά̄νω (ἐκίχην, κιχήω, κιχείη, κιχῆναι and κιχήμεναι, κιχείς and κιχήμενος; properly from κίχημι), κλάω (ἀπόκλᾱς), κλύω (κλῦθι, κέκλυθι), κτίζω (κτίμενος), root λεχ- (ἔλεκτο laid himself to rest), λύ̄ω (λύτο), οὐτάω (οὖτα, οὐτάμενος), πάλλω (πάλτο), πελάζω (ἐπλήμην), πέρθω (πέρθαι ῀ περθ-σθαι), πλώω (ἔπλων), πνῡ- (ἄμπνῡτο revived), πτήσσω (καταπτήτην), σεύω (ἐσσύμην, ἔσυτο, σύμενος), φθίνω (ἐφθίμην), χέω (ἐχύμην, χύμενος).
ἔλεκτο, πάλτο are properly first aorists (for ἐλεκ-σ-το, παλ-σ-το), ς being lost between two consonants (103).
FIRST AND SECOND PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT ACTIVE (555, 561)
689
All vowel and consonant verbs in -ω inflect the first perfect alike. Some verbs in -ω inflect the second perfect according to the ω-conjugation, others inflect it according to the μι-conjugation.
690
Indicative.—Originally the endings were added to the stem without any thematic vowel. Of this unthematic formation a few traces survive (573). In the 2 p. sing. the ending is -ς, but originally -θα; in the 3 pl. -κᾱσι stands for κα-νσι out of κα-ντι (100). Thus λέλυκα, -ας, -ε, πέπομφα, -ας, -ε, etc. The periphrastic combination occurs in the indicative (599 a).
691
Subjunctive.—The perfect subjunctive is commonly formed periphrastically by the perfect active participle and ὦ, ᾖς, ᾖ, etc. Thus λελυκὼς (γεγραφὼς) ὦ, etc., λελυκότες (γεγραφότες) ὦμεν, etc. Of the periphrastic forms only the 1 and 3 sing., 2 and 3 plur. are attested.
692
Instances of the simple perfect subjunctive (λελύκω, γεγράφω) are very rare. The simple form is made by substituting the thematic vowel ώη for α in the tense-stem. Only the sing. and the 3 plur. are attested from ω-verbs.
693
Besides εἰδῶ (οἶδα) and ἑστήκῃ, etc., Attic prose has only about 16 occurrences of the simple perf. subj., and from the following verbs only: βαίνω, δέδια, ἐγείρω, ἔοικα, θνῄσκω, λαμβάνω, λανθάνω, πάσχω, ποιῶ, φύ̄ω. Hippocr. has forms from βιβρώσκω, πονῶ, τεύχω. There are about 30 occurrences in the poetry. Attic prose writers show about 25 cases of the periphrasis from all ω-verbs.
694
Optative.—The perfect optative is commonly formed periphrastically by the perfect active participle and εἴην, εἴης, εἴη, etc. Thus λελυκὼς (γεγραφὼς) εἴην, etc., λελυκότες (γεγραφότες) εἶμεν, etc. The dual is exceedingly rare.
695
Occasionally the simple forms are used (λελύκοιμι, γεγράφοιμι). These are formed by adding the mood-sign ῑ, and the endings, to the tense-stem with the thematic vowel (ο). All the -ιη-forms are attested; of the -ῑ-forms only the 3 sing. and 1 and 3 plur.
696
Of the simple optative there are about 25 occurrences in Attic prose, and from the following verbs only: ἀποχωρῶ, ἐξαπατῶ, εἰσβάλλω, παραδίδωμι, ἔοικα, -ἑστήκοι, ὑπηρετῶ, θνῄσκω, λανθάνω, καταλείπω, ποιῶ, πάσχω, προέρχομαι, ἐμπί̄πτω, φύ̄ω. In the poets there are about 16 occurrences. Prose writers show about 106 occurrences of the periphrastic forms.
697
Imperative.—The usual form of the first perfect imperative is periphrastic: λελυκὼς ἴσθι, ἔστω, etc. No classical Attic writer uses the simple forms.
698
The second perfect is rare, and occurs only in the case of verbs which have a present meaning. From active verbs inflected according to the ω- conjugation there occur κεχήνετε gape, Ar. Ach. 133 (χάσκω, χαν-), and κεκρά̄γετε screech, Vesp. 415 (κρά̄ζω). Most second perfects show the μι form and have present meaning, as τέθναθι (Hom.) τεθνάτω from θνῄσκω die, δέδιθι from δέδια fear, and κέκρᾱχθι from κρά̄ζω in Aristophanes. Most such second perfects are poetical.
699
Infinitive.—The perfect infinitive adds -έ-ναι, as λελυκέναι, λελοιπέναι.
699 D
Doric has -ην and -ειν, as δεδύκην ῀ δεδυκέναι, γεγά̄κειν ῀ γεγονέναι. Aeolic has -ην, as τεθνάκην.
700
Participle.—The suffixes of the perfect participle in the nominative are -(ϝ)ώς, -υῖα, -(ϝ)ός, as λελυκώς, λελοιπώς. See 301 c, d, 309.
700 D
In the 2 perf. Hom. sometimes has -ῶτ-ος for -ότ-ος, as κεκμηώς, -ῶτος (κάμνω am weary). In the 2 perf. Hom. sometimes has α for Attic η in the feminine, as ἀρηρώς ἀραρυῖα from ἄρηρα (ἀραρίσκω fit). See 573. Aeolic inflects the perfect participle as a present in -ων, -οντος. Thus Hom. κεκλήγοντας for κεκληγότας (κλάζω scream), Pind. πεφρί̄κοντας (φρί̄ττω shudder).
701
Pluperfect Active.—The pluperfect is formed by adding -εα, -εας, -εε, -ετον, -ετην, -εμεν, -ετε, -εσαν to the reduplicated stem. By contraction from ἐλελυκεα, -εας, -εε come the forms ἐλελύκη, -ης -ει (ν). In the later language ει spread from the 3 sing. and was used throughout, as ἐλελύκειν, -εις, -ει, -ειτον, -είτην, -ειμεν, -ειτε, and very late -εισαν. The best Mss. of Demosthenes have -ειν in 1 sing. Instead of the simple pluperfect we find periphrastic forms, 599 a.
SECOND PERFECTS OF THE μι-FORM
A few ω-verbs form their second perfects in the dual and plural without α by adding the endings directly to the stem. Herein these forms agree with the second perfect of μι-verbs (417). In the singular α is used.
The second perfect δέδια I fear usually has the forms of the first perfect δέδοικα in the singular, less frequently in the plural.
| Perfect | Pluperfect | Subjunctive |
| δέδοικα or δέδια | ἐδεδοικη or ἐδεδίη | δεδίω (rare) |
| δέδοικας or δέδιας | ἐδεδοίκης or ἐδεδίης | Optative |
| δέδοικε or δέδιε | ἐδεδοίκει or ἐδεδίει | δεδιείην (rare) |
| δέδιτον | ἐδέδιτον | Imperative |
| δέδιτον | ἐδεδίτην | δέδιθι (poet.) |
| Infinitive | ||
| δέδιμεν or δεδοίκαμεν | ἐδέδιμεν | δεδιέναι or δεδοικέναι |
| δέδιτε or δεδοίκατε | ἐδέδιτε | |
| δεδίᾱσι or δεδοίκᾱσι | ἐδέδισαν or ἐδεδοίκεσαν | Participle |
| δεδιώς, -υῖα, -ός or | ||
| δεδοικώς, -υῖα, -ός. |
The root of δέδια is δϝι-, strong forms δϝει-, δϝοι-. Hom. has δίε, δίον feared, fled; for δέδοικα, δέδια he has δείδοικα, δείδια, etc. (once δεδίᾱσι). Here ει is due to metrical lengthening. δείδω, a present in form, is really a perfect for δε-δϝο([ιγλιδε])-α.
Other second perfects inflected like δέδια are the following:
a. βαίνω (βα-) go, 1 perf. βέβηκα have gone, stand fast regular; 2 perf. 3 pl. βεβᾶσι (poet.), subj. 3 pl. βεβῶσι, inf. βεβάναι (poet. and Ion.), part. βεβώς (contracted from βεβαώς) βεβῶσα, gen. βεβῶτος.
Hom. has 3 pl. βεβάᾱσι, inf. βεβάμεν, part. βεβαώς, βεβαυῖα, gen. βεβαῶτος; 2 plup. βέβασαν.
b. γίγνομαι (γεν-, γα-) become, 2 perf. γέγονα am regular; 2 perf. part. poet. γεγώς (contracted from γεγαώς), γεγῶσα, gen. γεγῶτος.
b. Hom. has γεγάᾱτε and γεγάᾱσι, inf. γεγάμεν, part. γεγαώς, γεγαυῖα; 2 plup. ἐκγεγάτην.
c. θνῄσκω (θαν-, θνα-) die, 1 perf. τέθνηκα am dead regular; 2 perf. du. τέθνατον, pl. τέθναμεν, τέθνατε, τεθνᾶσι, 2 plup. 3 pl. ἐτέθνασαν, 2 perf. opt. τεθναίην, imper. τεθνάτω, inf. τεθνάναι, part. τεθνεώς, -εῶσα, -εός, gen. -εῶτος.
c. Hom. τέθναθι, τεθνάμεναι and τεθνάμεν, τεθνηώς -ηῶτος and -ηότος, fem. τεθνηυίης.
d. ἔοικα (ϝε-ϝοικ-α) am like, appear (ἰκ-, εἰκ-) has the μι forms ἔοιγμεν (poet.), εἴξᾱσι for ἐοικ-σ-ᾱσι (poet. and in Plato). ἔοικα (ἐῴκη plup.) has also the foll. forms: ἐοίκω, ἐοίκοιμι, ἐοικέναι (εἰκέναι poet.), ἐοικώς (εἰκώς also in Plato).
d. Hom. imperf. εἶκε, 2 perf. 3 du. ἔϊκτον, 2 plup. ἐῴκει ἐΐκτην, ἐοίκεσαν, part. ἐοικώς (εἰκώς Φ 254), εἰκυῖα and ἐϊκυῖα (εἰοικυῖαι Σ 418); mid. ἤϊκτο, ἔϊκτο. Hdt. has οἶκα, οἰκώς.
e. κρά̄ζω (κραγ-) cry out, 2 perf. κέκρᾱγα as present, imper. κέκρᾱχθι and κεκρά̄γετε, a thematic form (both in Aristoph.).
Other verbs with second perfects of the μι-form (chiefly Homeric) are: ἄνωγα (ἄνωχθι), βιβρώσκω (βεβρῶτες), ἐγείρω (ἐγρήγορα), ἔρχομαι (είλήλυθμεν), μέμονα (μεμαώς), πάσχω (πέποσθε), πείθω (ἐπέπιθμεν), πἱ̄πτω (πεπτώς), root δα- learn (δεδαώς), root τλα- (τέτλαμεν, τετλαίην, τέτλαθι, τετλάμεναι and τετλάμεν, τετληώς).
PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT MIDDLE AND PASSIVE (574)
706
All vowel and consonant verbs in -ω inflect the perfect middle according to the μι-conjugation.
707
Indicative.—The perfect middle is inflected by adding the primary middle endings directly to the tense-stem, herein agreeing with the μι-conjugation. The pluperfect adds the secondary middle endings. In vowel verbs the formation is simple, as in λέλυ-μαι, ἐλελύ-μην. But in consonant verbs, the consonant at the end of the stem comes into collision with the consonant at the beginning of the ending; hence certain euphonic changes described in 409. The periphrastic form occurs in the 3 pl. and sometimes in the 3 sing. (599 d, e).
a. Stems in ν avoid the forms -ν-σαι, -ν-σο; thus, from φαίνω, instead of πέφανσαι, ἐπέφανσο the periphrastic πεφασμένος εἶ, ἦσθα were probably used.
708
Subjunctive.—The perfect middle subjunctive is commonly formed by periphrasis of the perfect middle participle and ὦ, ᾖς, ᾖ, etc. Thus λελυμένος ὦ.
708 D
Hdt. has μεμνεώμεθα, and this form may be read in ξ 168.
709
From two verbs, whose perfect stem ends in η-(α), the simple forms are constructed. κτάομαι (κτα-) acquire, perf. κέκτημαι possess (1946), forms its subjunctive by adding the thematic vowel -ώη- to κε-κτα; thus κε-κτά-ω-μαι ῀ κεκτῶμαι, κε-κτά-η-σαι ῀ κεκτῇ, κε-κτά-η-ται ῀ κεκτῆται, etc.— μιμνῄσκω (μνα- remind, perf. μέμνημαι remember (1946): με-μνά-ω-μαι ῀ μεμνῶμαι, μεμνη-ώ-μεθα ῀ μεμνώμεθα. With κεκτῶμαι, μεμνῶμαι, cp. ἱστῶμαι, p. 137. The periphrastic κεκτημένος ὦ, μεμνημένος ὦ occur.
710
Optative.—The perfect middle optative is commonly formed by the periphrasis of the perfect middle participle and εἴην, εἴης, εἴη, etc. Thus λελυμένος εἴην, etc.
711
Some verbs add -ί̄-μην, -ο-ί̄-μην to the tense-stem (709).—a. κτάομαι (κτα-) acquire, perf. κέκτημαι possess (1946): opt. κεκτη-ί̄-μην ῀ κεκτῄμην, κεκτήῑ-σο ῀ κεκτῇο, κεκτή-ῑ-το ῀ κεκτῇτο. Less frequent and doubtful are κεκτῴμην, -ῷο, -ῷτο, -ῴμεθα from κεκτη-ο-ί̄-μην, etc.
b. μιμνῄσκω (μνα-) remind, perf. μέμνημαι remember; opt. μεμνη-ί̄-μην ῀ μεμνῄμην, μεμνή-ῑ-σο ῀ μεμνῇο, μεμνή-ῑ-το ῀ μεμνῇτο, etc. The forms μεμνῴμην, -ῷο, -ῷτο, etc., from μεμνη-ο-ί̄-μην, etc., are uncommon and suspected.
c. καλέω (καλε-, κλη-) call, perf. κέκλημαι am called (1946); opt. κεκλη-ί̄-μην, etc. = κεκλῄμην, κεκλῇο, κεκλῇτο, κεκλῄμεθα.
d. βάλλω (βαλ-, βλη-) throw, perf. διαβέβλημαι, opt. διαβεβλῇσθε.
N.—The forms in -ῄμην, etc., have the μι-form; the doubtful -ῴμην, etc., belong to the ω-conjugation.
711 D
Hom. has λελῦτο ς 238 = λελύ-ῑτο (cp. δαίνηῡτο). Pind. has μεμναίατο. μέμνοιο in Xen. is from μέμνομαι.
712
Imperative.—In the third person singular the perfect meaning is regularly retained, as εἰρήσθω let it have been said. The 2 sing. and pl. are generally found only in the case of perfects with a present meaning, as μέμνησθε remember! μὴ πεφόβησθε do not be afraid! πέπαυσο stop! See 698.
a. The dual and 3 pl. are apparently wanting. The 2 sing. in -νσο from stems in -ν does not occur. For πέφανσο, πεφασμένος ἴσθι was probably used.
713
Attic prose writers have ἀναβεβλήσθω, ἀποκεκρίσθω, εἰρήσθω, ἐκτήσθω, ἐψεύσθω, κεῖσο, -κείσθω, κέκτησο, μέμνησθε, πεπαίσθω, πεπεράνθω, πεποίησο, πεπρά̄σθω, πεφάσθω, πεφόβησθε, τετάχθω, τετολμήσθω.
714
Instead of the simple forms of the imperative we find the periphrastic use of the perfect participle and ἴσθι, ἔστω, etc. (599 g). Thus εἰρημένον ἔστω ῀ εἰρήσθω.
SECOND CONJUGATION OR VERBS IN MI
717
Verbs in -μι usually have no thematic vowel between the tense-stem and the personal endings in the present system (except in the subjunctive). The name “μι-conjugation,” or “non-thematic” conjugation,” is applied to all verbs which form the present and imperfect without the thematic vowel.
718
Of verbs ending in -μι the following tenses are inflected according to the μι-conjugation (except in the subjunctive): all non-thematic presents and imperfects; all aorists passive; all perfects and pluperfects middle; those second aorists active and middle in which the tense-stem does not end with the thematic vowel; one verb (ἵστημι) in the second perfect and pluperfect active.
719
Certain tenses of verbs ending in -μι in the first person present indicative active, or in -μαι in the present middle (and passive) when not preceded by the thematic vowel, are inflected according to the ω-conjugation. These tenses are: all futures, all first aorists active and middle, most perfects and pluperfects active, and all subjunctives. Verbs in -νῡμι regularly inflect the subjunctive and the optative according to the ω-conjugation. Furthermore, the 2 sing. in the present and 2 and 3 sing. in the imperfect active of certain verbs, and some other forms, follow the ω-conjugation (746).
720
Verbs in -μι add the endings directly either to the verb-stem (here a root) or after the suffixes νυ or νη. Hence three classes are to be distinguished.
A. Root class; as φη-μί say, verb-stem (and root) φα-, φη-. This class often shows reduplication in the present and imperfect, as δίδω-μι give.
N.—Two verbs have verb-stems ending in a consonant: εἰμί am (ἐσ-μι) and ἧμαι sit (ἡσ-μαι).
B. -νυ- class; as δείκ-νῡ-μι show, verb-stem δεικ-, present stem δεικνῠ̄-.
C. A few verbs, mainly poetical, add να-, νη-; as σκίδ-νη-μι σκίδ-ναμεν scatter, δάμ-νη-μι δάμ-να-μεν, subdue.
721
Deponent verbs without the thematic vowel are inflected according to the μι-conjugation.
PRESENT SYSTEM
FIRST OR SIMPLE CLASS
723
The present is made by adding the personal endings directly to the verb-stem, which is a root. This verb-stem may be used in its pure form or it may be reduplicated.
a. Some verbs of this class with no active have a verb-stem of more than one syllable (usually two syllables).
724
Unreduplicated Presents: εἰμί (ἐσ-) am, εἶμι (ἰ-, εἰ-) go, ἧμαι (ἡσ-) sit, ἠμί say (ἦ said, 3 sing.), κεῖμαι (κει-) lie, φημί (φα-, φη-) say, χρή it is necessary (793); and poet. ἄημι (ἀη-) blow.
725
Deponents.—ἄγα-μαι (and ἀγάομαι) admire, δέα-μαι appear, δίε-μαι flee, make flee (cp. δίω), δύνα-μαι am able (737 a), ἐπί-στα-μαι understand, ἔρα-μαι love (poet. for ἐράω), ἵπταμαι fly (late, see 726 a), κρέμα-μαι hang (intrans.), ὄνο-μαι insult, πέτα-μαι (poet. by-form of πέτομαι) fly, ἐπριάμην bought a second aorist, στεῦμαι affirm.
a. Other such forms are Hom. ἵ̄εμαι (ϝί̄εμαι) strive, εἴρυμαι and ἔρυμαι rescue, Ion. λάζυμαι take. ἐπίστηται II 243 owes its η to such non-present forms as ἐπιστήσομαι.
726
Reduplicated Presents.—δίδημι bind (rare for δέω), δίδωμι (δο-, δω-) give, ἵ̄ημι (ἑ-, ἡ-) send, ἵστημι (στα-, στη-) set, κίχρημι (χρα-, χρη-) lend, ὀνίνημι (ὀνα-, ὀνη-) benefit, πίμπλημι (πλα-, πλη-) fill, πίμπρημι (πρα-, πρη-) burn, τίθημι (θε-, θη-) place.
a. Also poetic βίβημι (βα-, βη-) go, in Hom. βιβά̄ς striding, δί-ζημαι (also Ion.) seek, for δι-δ[ιγλιδε]η-μαι by 116 (cp. ζητέω seek), ἵλημι (ἱ̄λα-, ἱ̄λη- for σισλα-, σισλη-) am propitious. ἵπταμαι (late) for πέτομαι fly is an analogue of ἵσταμαι and is not properly reduplicated. τίτρημι bore is late.
727
Verbs in -μι reduplicate with ι in the present. See 414, 447. πί-μ-πλημι and πί-μ-πρημι may lose the inserted nasal in compounds of ἐν, but only when ἐν- takes the form ἐμ-; as ἐμπίπλημι, but ἐνεπίμπλασαν. Doric has κίγχημι. In ὀ-νί-νη-μι the reduplication takes place after a vowel (verb-stem ὀνα-, ὀνη-).
a. Reduplication is in place only in present and imperfect; but Hom. has διδώσομεν.
FOURTH CLASS
728
Most μι-verbs of the fourth class add -νυ- (after a vowel, -ννυ-) to the verb-stem.
729
Verb-stems in -α: κερά-ννῡμι mix, κρεμά-ννῡμι hang (intrans.), πετάννῡμι spread, σκεδά-ννῡμι scatter.
730
Verb-stems in ε (for ες): ἕ-ννῡμι (in prose ἀμφιέ-ννῡμι) clothe, κορέννῡμι satiate, σβέ-ννῡμι extinguish.
731
Verb-stems in ω: ζώ-ννῡμι gird, ῥώ-ννῡμι strengthen, στρώ-ννῡμι spread.
732
All the forms in -ννῡμι started from verb-stems ending in ς: ἕννῡμι from ἑσ-νῡ-μι, σβέννῡμι from σβεσ-νῡ-μι, ζώννῡμι from ζωσ-νῡ-μι. All the other verbs are analogues of these.
733
Verb-stems in a consonant: ἄγ-νῡμι break, ἄρ-νυμαι earn, δείκ-νῡμι show, εἴργ-νῡμι ( = εἴργω) shut in, ζεύγ-νῡμι yoke (ἀπο)κτει-νῡμι often written -κτίννῡμι ( = κτείνω) kill, μείγ-νῡμι (miswritten μί̄γ-νῡμι) mix, -οἰγ-νῡμι ( = -οἴγω) open, ὄλλῡμι (ὀλ-ε) destroy, ὄμ-νῡμι (ὀμ-ε-, ὀμ-ο) swear, ὀμόργ-νῡμι wipe off, ὄρ-νῡμι rouse, πήγ-νῡμι (παγ-, πηγ-) fix, πλήγ-νῡμι (once, in ἐκπλήγνυσθαι Thuc. 4. 125; cp. πλήττω), πτάρ-νυμαι sneeze, ῥήγ-νῡμι (ῥαγ-, ῥηγ-, ῥωγ-) break, στόρνῡμι spread, φράγ-νῡμι ( = φράττω) inclose.
734
Poetic verbs: αἴ-νυμαι take, ἄ-νῡμι complete (ἀνύω), ἄχ-νυμαι am troubled, γά-νυμαι rejoice, δαί-νῡμι entertain, καί-νυμαι excel, κί̄-νυμαι move myself (cp. κῑνέω), ὀρέγ-νῡμι reach, τά-νυμαι stretch, with νυ carried into other tenses (τανύω), τί̄-νυμαι (cp. Epic τί̄νω from τι-νϝ-ω) better τείνυμαι, chastise.
735
The verbs whose verb-stem ends in a liquid or nasal often form the tenses other than the present by adding ε or ο, as ὄλλῡμι (from ὀλνῡμι) ὤλεσα, ὀλώλεκα (ὀλ-ε-), ὄμνῡμι ὤμοσα (ὀμ-ο-).
736
νῡμι-verbs form only the present and imperfect according to the μι- conjugation; with the exception of σβέ-ννῡμι, which has 2 aor. ἔσβην. The 2 aorist passive and 2 future passive are rare, as ῥήγνῡμι ἐρράγην ἐκραγήσομαι, ζεύγνῡμι ἐζύγην.
736 D
From verbs in -νῡμι second aorists middle are formed in Hom. by only three verbs: μείγνῡμι (commonly written μί̄γνῡμι) mix ἔμικτο, ὄρνῡμι rouse ὦρτο, πήγνῡμι fix κατέπηκτο.
737
-νημι class. A few verbs add νη- in the singular, να- in the plural, to the verb-stem. These verbs are almost entirely poetical or dialectical; and show by-forms in -ναω. They are:
δάμνημι (δαμνάω) subdue, κίρνημι (κιρνάω also Epic) mix, κρίμνημι (miswritten κρήμνημι) suspend, πέρνημι sell, πίτνημι (πετνάω) spread, σκίδνημι (and κίδνημι) scatter.
a. Only in the middle: μάρναμαι fight, πίλναμαι (πιλνάω) approach. In δύναμαι am able, να has grown fast (cp. δυνατός).
738
Stem Gradation.—Verbs of the root class show in the stem vowel a variation between strong and weak grades in the present and imperfect indicative active. The singular has the strong grade, the dual and plural have the weak grade. The optative active and most middle forms have the weak grade.
a. η strong (original and Dor. ᾱ), α weak; φημί φαμέν, ἔφην ἔφαμεν; ἵστημι ἵσταμεν, ἵ̄στην ἵ̄σταμεν; δάμνημι δάμναμεν.
b. η strong, ε weak: τίθημι τίθεμεν, ἐτίθην ἐτίθεμεν; ἵ̄ημι ἵ̄εμεν.
c. ω strong, ο weak: δίδωμι δίδομεν.
d. ει strong, ι weak (cp. λείπω ἔλιπον): εἶμι will go, ἴμεν. The grades ει, οι, ι appear in εἰδῶ, subjunctive of οἶδα know, pl. ἴσμεν for ἴδμεν (799).
739
In the second aorist ἔστην I stood the strong form has been carried from the singular through the dual and plural of the indicative. The strong stem occurs also in the imperative (στῆθι, στῆτε) and infinitive (στῆναι).
740
The second aorist infinitive shows the weak stem: θεῖναι from θέ-εναι, δοῦναι from δό-εναι. Cp. 469 N. δτῆναι is, however, from στή-εναι (469 c. N.).
741
A few root verbs retain the strong grade η throughout. Thus, poet. ἄημι blow ἄημεν; ἀέντες is from ἀηντες by 40; δίζημαι seek (poet. δίζεσθαι is from δίζομαι); πίμπλημι fill 2 aor. ἐνεπλήμην, opt. ἐμπλῄμην.
742
Verbs adding νυ show the strong form of the verb-stem in the present. ῥήγ-νῡ-μι break 2 aor. pass. ἐρράγην, μείγ-νῡ-μι (miswritten μί̄γνῡμι) mix 2 aor. pass. ἐμίγην, ζεύγ-νῡ-μι yoke 2 aor. pass. ἐζύγην.
743
The ending νυ varies between strong νῡ and weak νῠ. Thus δείκνῡμι δείκνῠμεν, ἐδείκνῡν ἐδείκνῠμεν.
INFLECTION OF MI-VERBS
744
Verbs in -μι differ in inflection from verbs in -ω in the present and second aorist systems and (rarely) in the second perfect system. Verbs in -μι have the following peculiarities of inflection:
a. The endings -μι and -σι (for original -τι) occur in the present indicative active: τίθη-μι, τίθη-σι; φη-μί φη-σί.
b. The 3 plural present indicative active has generally the ending -ᾱσι, from α-αντι, as τιθέᾱσι, ἱστᾶσι. So in the 2 perf. active ἑστᾶσι.
c. The 3 plural of active past tenses has -σαν: ἐτίθε-σαν.
d. The imperative ending -θι is sometimes retained: φα-θί, στῆ-θι; some forms never had it: τίθει, ἵστη.
e. The middle endings -σαι and -σο regularly retain ς: τίθε-σαι, ἐτίθε-σο.
N.—But not in the subjunctive or optative; and usually not in the second aorist; as τιθῇ for τιθέη-σαι, τιθεῖο for τιθέ-ῑ-σο, ἔθου for ἔθε-σο.
f. The infinitive active has -ναι: τιθέ-ναι, διδό-ναι; the 2 aorist active has -εναι rarely: θεῖναι for θέ-εναι, δοῦναι for δό-εναι.
g. Active participles with stems in -οντ- have the nominative sing. masc. in -ούς (301 a, 307 a): διδούς, διδό-ντ-ος.
745
Forms of -μι verbs which are inflected according to the thematic conjugation are included under the Second Conjugation.
746
μι-verbs may pass into the ω inflection elsewhere than in the subjunctive. a. Verbs in -νῡμι often inflect the present and imperfect active (not the middle) from a present in -νύω; as δεικνύω (but usually δείκνῡμι), δεικνύεις, δεικνύει, imperf. ἐδείκνυον, -ες, -ε, etc.,; imper. δείκνυε, inf. δεικνύειν, part. δεικνύων.
b. τίθημι, ἵστημι, δίδωμι, ἵ̄ημι, etc., show some ω-forms in pres. (and imperf.) indic. opt. imper. and infin.; but the forms τιθέω, ἱστέω, διδόω, ἱ̄έω, do not occur in the 1 sing.
c. In the present and second aorist optative of τίθημι and ἵ̄ημι there is a transition to the ω-conjugation but not in the 1 and 2 singular. The accent is differently reported: (1) as if the presents were τιθέω, ἱ̄έω; (2) as if the presents were τίθω, ἵ̄ω. Thus:
Active: ἀφί̄οιτε for ἀφῑεῖτε, ἀφί̄οιεν for ἀφῑεῖεν.—Middle: τιθοῖτο, ἐπιθοίμεθα, συνθοῖτο, ἐπιθοῖντο (also accented τίθοιτο, ἐπίθοιντο); προοῖτο, προοῖσθε, προοῖντο (also accented πρόοιτο, πρόοιντο). Hdt. has -θέοιτο and -θεῖτο. The form in -οῖτο for -εῖτο occurs especially in Plato.
d. The Mss. vary between τιθῶμαι and τίθωμαι, ἀποθῶμαι and ἀπόθωμαι (426 f).
e. Some other μι-verbs show alternative ω-forms, as πιμπλάω, -εω (πίμπλημι), πιπράω (πίμπρημι), Hom. ἀγάομαι (ἄγαμαι), and ἱ̄λάομαι (ἵ̄λημι). So often with -νημι verbs (737), as δαμνᾷ and δάμνησι, ἐκίρνᾱ and κιρνά̄ς.
746 D
The tragic poets never have the ω-forms; the poets of the Old Comedy seldom; those of the New Comedy often have the ω-forms.—Plato usually has -νυᾱσι. Hom. has ζεύγνυον (and ζεύγνυσαν, ὤρνυον, ὤμνυε, ὀμνυέτω, etc.). Hdt. usually keeps the μι-forms, but has some ω-forms in 2, 3 sing. 3 pl. present indic. and part., and 1 sing., 3 pl. imperfect. Doric usually has the ω-forms; Aeolic has ζεύγνῡ, and ὄμνῡν infin.
PRESENT AND IMPERFECT ACTIVE AND MIDDLE (PASSIVE)
Present Indicative.—a. The primary personal endings are added to the stem with the strong form in the singular and the weak form in the dual and plural.
b. In the 2 sing. τίθης, ἵ̄ης, ἵστης, δείκνῡς, etc., ς has been added to the stem. This ς is obscure in origin, but cannot be derived from -σι. τιθει-ς is rare.
c. 3 sing. τίθησι, ἵστησι, etc., with -σι for -τι (463 c).
d. 3 plur. τιθέᾱσι, ἱστᾶσι, etc., from τιθέ-αντι, ἱστά-αντι (463 d).
e. For the retention of ς in τίθε-σαι, etc., see 465 a, b, and N. 2.
f. δίδομαι in the middle present and imperfect is used only in composition, as ἀποδίδομαι. But the simple form occurs in the passive.
1. Hom. has τίθησθα, τίθησι and τιθεῖ, τιθεῖσι; διδοῖς and διδοῖσθα, δίδωσι (usually) and διδοῖ, διδοῦσι, ῥηγνῦσι from ῥηγνυ-ντι, ἴᾱσι they go and ἔᾱσι they are. On ἵ̄στασκε see 495. Mid. ἐμάρναο from μάρναμαι.
2. Hdt. has τιθεῖ τιθεῖσι; ἱστᾷ is doubtful; διδοῖς, διδοῖ, διδοῦσι, ἴᾱσι ἔᾱσι, -νῦσι and -νύουσι. Middle: -αται and -ατο (imperf.) for -νται, -ντο in τιθέαται ἐτιθέατο, ἱστέαται ἱ̄στέατο, δυνέαται ἐδυνέατο. -αται, -ατο have been transferred from the perfect and pluperfect of consonant stems, such as γεγράφαται, ἐγεγράφατο (465 f).
3. Doric has ἵστᾱμι, and ᾱ for η in all tenses (στά̄σω, ἔστᾱσα, ἔστᾱν); -τι in 3 sing. τίθητι; -ντι in 3 pl. τίθεντι, δίδοντι.
4. Aeolic has τίθης, τίθη, τίθεισι; ἴστᾱς, ἴστᾱ; δίδως, δίδω; δάμνᾱς.
Imperfect.—ἐτίθεις ἐτίθει, ἐδίδουν ἐδίδους ἐδίδου (for ἐδιδων, -ως, -ω) are thematic forms (746 b). For the imperfect of δύναμαι and ἐπίσταμαι see 465 b, N. 1. For the retention of ς in ἐτίθεσο see 465 b.
Hom. has ἐτίθει, ἐδίδους, ἐδίδου.—Hdt. has ὑπερετίθεα 1 sing., ἐδίδουν, ἐδίδου, ἵ̄στᾱ and ἀνί̄στη (both in Mss.).—In poetry -ν occurs for -σαν as τίθεν, ἵ̄στᾰν, δίδον (464 e. D.).
Subjunctive.—Attic τιθῶ, etc., are derived by contraction from the forms of the weak stem to which the thematic vowel ώη has been added. Thus τιθέω, -έῃς, -έῃ, τιθέωμεν, -έητε, -έωσι; διδόω, -όῃς, -όῃ, διδόωμεν, -όητε, -όωσι. ἱστῶ is derived from ἱστέω. See 746 b. Verbs in -νῡμι regularly inflect the subjunctive like ω-verbs: δεικνύω, -ύῃς, -ύῃ.
a. Similarly the middle (passive) forms are derived from τιθέω-μαι τιθέη-(σ)αι, etc., διδόω-μαι διδόη-(σ)αι, ἱστέω-μαι ἱστέη-(σ)αι, etc. For the loss of ς in -σαι see 465 a. -νῡμι verbs inflect the mid. subj. like λύ̄ωμαι.
b. δύναμαι am able, ἐπίσταμαι understand, κρέμαμαι hang, and ἄγαμαι admire put ώη in place of the stem-vowel so that there is no contraction: δύνωμαι, δύνῃ, δύνηται, δυνώμεθα, etc. So, too, ἐπριάμην, πρίωμαι (757 a).
c. Traces of -ῡται in -νῡμι verbs are very rare: ῥήγνῡται Hipponax 19; cp. διασκεδάννῡται P. Ph. 77b.
Dor. has τιθέω, -έωμεν, but contracts ε + η to η; pl. διδῶντι (and τίθηντι). Dor. has δύνᾱμαι, ἵστᾱται; Hdt. ἐνίστηται, ἐπιστέωνται, δυνέωνται.
Present Optative.—The optative active has the secondary endings and the mood sign -ιη- in the singular, -ῑ- (-ιε- 3 pl.) in the dual and plural. In the dual and plural the longer (-ιη-) forms are rare. Thus τιθείην (τιθε-ίη-ν), τιθεῖμεν (τιθέ-ῑ-μεν), ἱσταίην (ἱστα-ίη-ν) ἱσταῖεν (ι·στά-ιε-ν). The shorter forms in dual and plural occur in poetry and prose, the longer forms only in prose.
a. The middle (passive) has the secondary endings and the mood sign -ῑ- throughout: τιθείμην (τιθε-ί̄-μην), ἱσταίμην (ἱστα-ί̄-μην), ἱσταίμεθα (ἱστα-ί̄-μεθα), διδοῖντο (διδό-ῑ-ντο). On τιθοῖτο, etc., see 746 c.
b. The accent follows 424 c, N. 1 (τιθεῖτο not τίθειτο). But the verbs of 749 b are exceptional: δύναιο δύναιτο; and so ὄναιο ὄναιτο from ὀνίνημι benefit (424 c, N. 2).
Hom. has the μι-forms δαινῦτο and δαινύ̄ατο, Plato has πηγνῦτο.
Present Imperative.—τίθει and δίδου are formed (cp. ποίει and δήλου) from τίθε-ε, δίδο-ε. ἵστη and δείκνῡ show the stronger stem forms.
For the middle endings and the retention of ς, see 466. 2. a.—On the forms τιθέτωσαν for τιθέντων, τιθέσθωσαν for τιθέσθων, see 466. 2. b.
Hom. has ἵστη and καθίστᾱ, δίδωθι, ἐμπίπληθι, ὄμνυθι, ὄρνυθι, ἵστασο and ἵσταο. τίθου, ἵστω occur in the drama. Pind. has δίδοι (active).
Present Infinitive.—The active adds -ναι, the middle -σθαι. δείκνῡμι admits the form δεικνύειν.
Hom. has -μεναι or -ναι preceded by η in ἀήμεναι ἀῆναι from ἄημι blow, τιθήμεναι, κιχήμεναι and κιχῆναι as from κίχημι. Also ἱστάμεναι (and ἱστάμεν), ζευγνύμεναι (and ζευγνύμεν, once ζευγνῦμεν). -μεν after a short vowel, as τιθέμεν, διδόμεν (once διδοῦναι). Doric has τιθέμεν, διδόμεν. Theognis has τιθεῖν, συνιεῖν.
Present Participle.—The active adds -ντ-, the middle -μενος. Thus τιθείς (τιθε-ντ-ς), τιθεῖσα (τιθε-ντ-[ιγλιδε]α); τιθέ-μενος. For δεικνύ̄ς we find δεικνύων.
Hom. has τιθήμενος K 34.
THE FUTURES
The futures of verbs in -μι do not differ in formation and inflection from those of verbs in -ω.
τίθημι: θήσω, θήσομαι, τεθήσομαι; ἵστημι: στήσω, στήσομαι, σταθήσομαι, ἑστήξω; ἵ̄ημι: ἥσω, -ἤσομαι, -ἑθήσομαι; δίδωμι: δώσω, -δώσομαι, δοθήσομαι; δείκνῡμι: δείξω, δείξομαι, δειχθήσομαι, δεδείξομαι (late) or δεδειγμένος ἔσομαι; μείγνῡμι: μείξω, -μιχθήσομαι, μιγήσομαι (poet.), μεμείξομαι (poet.); πήγνῡμι: πήξω, παγήσομαι.
a. ἑστήξω is the only future perfect from a μι-verb (584).
FIRST AORIST ACTIVE AND MIDDLE
The verbs τίθημι, ἵ̄ημι, δίδωμι form the singular active of the first aorist in -κ-α, thus, ἔθηκα, ἔδωκα, ἧκα. The forms of the second aorist (756) are generally used in the dual and plural and in the other moods.
a. The form in κ rarely appears outside of the singular, chiefly in the 3 pl., as ἔδωκαν ( = ἔδοσαν), less frequently in the 1 and 2 pl., as ἐδώκαμεν, -ατε.
b. That κ was not a suffix but a part of an alternative root appears from a comparison of θηκ- in ἔθηκα and perf. τέθηκα with fēc- in fēci.
c. ἵστημι has ἔστησα I set, placed (mid. ἐστησάμην), to be distinguished from 2 aor. ἔστην I stood.
d. ἐθηκάμην is un-Attic; ἡκάμην (in comp.) is rare and probably found only in the indic.; ἐδωκάμην is very late.
Hom. has ἔθηκαν, ἔδωκαν, ἐνήκαμεν, θήκατο; Hdt. συνθήκαντο; Pind. θηκάμενος.
SECOND AORIST ACTIVE AND MIDDLE
Indicative.—τίθημι, ἵ̄ημι, δίδωμι use the short grade forms in dual and plural active: ἔ-θε-τον, ἔ-θε-μεν, ἔθε-σαν; εἷ-τον, εἷ-μεν, εἷ-σαν (for ἐ-ἑ-τον, etc.); ἔ-δο-μεν, ἔ-δο-σαν. In the singular the κ-forms, ἔθηκα, ἧκα, ἔδωκα, are used. ἵστημι has ἔστην, ἔστης, ἔστη (for ἐστητ, 464 c), ἔστημεν, etc. (p. 138).
a. σβέννῡμι extinguish is the only verb in -νῡμι forming a second aorist (ἔσβην, σβῶ, σβείην, σβῆθι, σβῆναι, σβείς).
b. The middle uses the weak stems -θε-, -ἑ-, -δο- in ἑ-θί-μην, -εἵμην (for ἐ-ἑ-μην), ἐ-δό-μην (only in composition). For the loss of ς in -σο (ἔθου, ἔδου) see 465 b.
c. In prose the only uncompounded second aorists middle are ἐπριάμην bought (pres. ὠνέομαι) and ὠνήμην derived benefit (ὀνίνημι). ὠνήμην keeps η (poet. ὄνησο, ὀνήμενος). ἵστημι does not make the form ἐσταμην.
Hom. has older -ν for -σαν in ἔστᾰν (he uses ἔστησαν also), Dor. has ἔθεν, ἔστᾰν, ἔδον. For the iterative στά-σκε, δό-σκον see 495.
c. D. In poetry: ἐπτάμην (prose -ἐπτόμην) from πέταμαι fly; Hom. πλῆτο approached, ἔβλητο was hit (others, 688).
Second Aorist Subjunctive.—All the forms of the 2 aor. subj. are due to contraction of the thematic vowel with the weak stem-vowel. Thus θῶ, etc., from θέω, θέῃς, θέῃ, θέωμεν, etc.; ὧ, etc., from ἕω, ἕῃς, ἕωσι; δῶ, etc., from δόω, δόῃς, δόῃ; στῶ, etc., from στέω, στέῃς, etc., with ε from η before a vowel. Cp. 682.
a. ἐπριάμην has πρίωμαι with ώη in place of the final vowel of the stem (749 b).
The subjunctive shows traces of an earlier double form of inflection:
1. With short thematic vowel: θήεις, θήει, θήετον, θήομεν, θήετε, θήουσι. Homer: θήομεν, στήομεν, -στήετον, κιχήομεν, δώομεν, ἀποθήομαι.
2. With long thematic vowel: θήω, θήῃς, θήῃ, θήητον, θήωμεν, θήητε, θήωσι. Hom. θήω, θήῃς, θήῃ, στήῃς, στήῃ, ἀνήῃ, δώῃ or δώῃσι, περιστήωσι, δώωσι.
By shortening of the long vowel of the stem we obtain a third form:
3. θέω, θέῃς, θέῃ, θέητον, θέωμεν, θέητε, θέωσι. Hom. ἀφέῃ, θέωμεν, στέωμεν, Hdt. θέω, θέωμεν, θέωσι, θέωμαι, στέωμεν, ἀποστέωσι, Aeolic θέω.
4. From 3 are derived the contracted forms θῶ, θῇς, θῇ, etc. Hom. ἀναστῇ, δῷς, δῷ or δῷσι, δῶμεν; Dor. δῶντι; Hdt. -θῇ, -θῆται; δῶμεν, -δῶτε, δῶσι.
N.—In Hom. the Mss. often have ει for η of the stem, as θείω, βείω, θείομεν, κιχείομεν.
Second Aorist Optative.—The forms of the optative of the second aorist are made and inflected like those of the present except for the reduplication. Thus, in the active: θείην (θε-ίη-ν), σταίην (στα-ίη-ν), δοῖμεν (δό-ῑ-μεν), δοῖεν (δό-ιε-ν). The shorter forms are preferred in the dual and plural, and poetry has only these; prose admits either the longer or the shorter forms.
a. In the 2 pl. cases of -ιη-τε (δοίητε) are more numerous than -ι-τε; but they usually lack metrical warrant.
b. Second aorists of stems in υ lack the optative in Attic.
c. In the middle: θείμην (θε-ί̄-μην), δοίμην (δο-ί̄-μην), -εἵμην (ἑ-ί̄-μην). For θοίμεθα see 746 c. For the accent of πρίαιο see 424 c, N. 2.
Hom. has σταίησαν P 733, the only case of -ιη- outside of the singular; δύ̄η (for δυ-ίη), ἐκδῦμεν (for -δύ-ῑ-μεν), and φθῖτο (for φθί-ῑ-το) from φθί̄νω perish.
Second Aorist Imperative.—On θέ-ς, δό-ς, ἕ-ς, see 466. 1. b. These verbs show the weak form of the stem (θέ-τω, θέ-ντων). ἵστημι and σβέννῡμι have -θι in στῆ-θι, σβῆ-θι. For στη῀-θι the poets may use -στᾱ in composition, as ἀπόστᾱ stand off.
a. The middle adds -σο, which loses its ς after a short vowel, as in θοῦ for θέ-σο, δοῦ for δό-σο, πρίω (and poet. πρία-σο). ς is not dropped after a long vowel (ὄνησο). Cp. 465 b, N. 2.
b. In composition περίθες, ἀπόδος, παράστηθι, ἐνθοῦ, προδοῦ; but κατάθου, περιδου, περίδοσθε (426 b-c).
c. For the 3 pl. θέτωσαν, δότωσαν, ἕσθωσαν, see 466. 2. b.
Hom. has θέο and ἔνθεο.
Second Aorist Infinitive.—The active adds -εναι in θεῖναι (θέ-εναι), στῆναι (στή-εναι), δοῦναι (δό-εναι), εἷναι (ἕ-εναι). The middle adds -σθαι, as θέ-σθαι.
Hom. has θέμεναι, θέμεν; στήμεναι; δόμεναι, δόμεν; and θεῖναι, στῆναι, δοῦναι. Dor. has θέμεν, δόμεν, στᾶμεν.
Second Aorist Participle.—The active adds -ντ- like the present: θείς (θε-ντ-ς), θεῖσα (θε-ντ-[ιγλιδε]α), θέν (θε-ντ); στά̄ς (στα-ντ-ς), στᾶσα (στα-ντ-[ιγλιδε]α), στάν (στα-ντ). The middle adds -μενος, as θέ-μενος.
FIRST AND SECOND PERFECT (AND PLUPERFECT) ACTIVE
Indicative.—The perfect of τίθημι is τέθηκα. A later form τέθεικα, not found on Attic inscriptions till after 200 B.C. and due to the analogy of εἷκα, still appears in some texts. τέθεκα is Doric. For καθέστακα Attic used καταστήσᾱς ἔχω (cp. 599 b).
a. The dual and plural of the second perfect and pluperfect of ἵστημι (417) are formed without κ: ἕστατον, ἕσταμεν (without augment in the pluperf.), ἑστᾶσι from ἑ-στα-αντι, pluperf. ἕστα-σαν. The singular is supplied by the 1 perf. ἕστηκα I stand.
Subjunctive.—ἑστήκω and ἑστῶ appear in prose and poetry, ἑστηκὼς ὦ in prose.
Optative.—ἑστήκοιμι occurs in comp. in prose, ἀφεστῶτες εἶεν in Plato, τεθηκὼς εἴης and δεδωκότες εἶεν in Demosthenes. ἑσταίην is poetical.
Imperative.—ἕσταθι is poetical.
Infinitive and Participle.—ἑστάναι and ἑστώς are much more common than ἑστηκέναι and ἑστηκώς.
Hom. has ἑστάμεναι and ἑστάμεν, ἑσταώς, -αότος. Hdt. has ἑστεώς, -εῶτος. Doric has -εῖα for -υῖα (ἑστᾱκεῖα).
PERFECT MIDDLE (PASSIVE)
τέθειμαι even in composition is rare and is unknown on Attic inscriptions. For the pass. perf. κεῖμαι (791) was used. Doric has τέθεμαι.
IRREGULAR MI-VERBS
768
εἰμί (ἐσ-, cp. Lat. es-se) am has only the present and future systems.
| PRESENT | IMPERFECT | |||
| Indicative | Subjunctive | Optative | Imperative | Indicative |
| Sing. 1 εἰμί | ὦ | εἴην | ἦ or ἦν | |
| 2 εἶ | ᾖς | εἴης | ἴσθι | ἦσθα |
| 3 ἐστί | ᾖ | εἴη | ἔστω | ἦν |
| Dual 2 ἐστόν | ἦτον | εἴητον or εἶτον | ἔστον | ἤστον |
| 3 ἐστόν | ἦτον | εἰήτην or εἴτην | ἔστων | ἤστην |
| Plur. 1 ἐσμέν | ὦμεν | εἴημεν or εἶμεν | ἦμεν | |
| 2 ἐστέ | ἦτε | εἴητε or εἶτε | ἔστε | ἦτε or ἦστε (rare) |
| 3 εἰσί | ὦσι | εἴησαν or εἶεν | ἔστων | ἦσαν |
Infin. εἶναι Participle ὤν, οὖσα, ὄν, gen. ὄντος, οὔσης, ὄντος, etc. (305)
FUTURE (with middle forms):
ἔσομαι, ἔσῃ (or ἔσει ), ἔσται, ἔσεσθον, ἔσεσθον, ἐσόμεθα, ἔσεσθε, ἔσονται, opt. ἐσοίμην , inf. ἔσεσθαι , part. ἐσόμενος, -η, -ον.
a. The imperative 3 pl. ἔστωσαν occurs in Plato and Demosthenes; ὄντων in Plato and on inscriptions.
b. In composition ὤν retains its accent, as ἀπών, ἀποῦσα, ἀπόντος, etc.; and so ἔσται, as ἀπέσται (426 e).
768 D
1. Homer has the following forms:
Pres. ind. 2 sing. ἐσσί and εἶς, 1 pl. εἰμέν, 3 pl. (εἰσί, and) ἔᾱσι not enclitic.
Imperf. ἦα, ἔα, ἔον, 2 sing. ἦσθα, ἔησθα, 3 sing. ἦεν, ἔην, ἤην, ἦν (rare), 3 pl. ἦσαν, ἔσαν; iterative (495) ἔσκον (for ἐσ-σκον).
Subj. ἔω, ἔῃς, 3 sing. ἔῃ, ἔῃσι, ᾖσι, 3 pl. ἔωσι (twice ὦσι); μέτειμι has 1 sing. μετέω, and μετείω (with metrical lengthening).
Opt. εἴην, etc., also ἔοις, ἔοι; Imper. 2 sing. ἔσ-σο (middle form), ἔστω, 3 pl. ἔστων.
Inf. εἶναι and ἔμμεναι (for ἐσ-μεναι), ἔμμεν, also ἔμεναι, ἔμεν.
Part. ἐών, ἐοῦσα, ἐόν, etc., rarely the Attic forms.
Fut. often with σς: ἔσσομαι and ἔσομαι; 3 sing. ἔσεται, ἔσται, ἔσσεται, also ἐσσεῖται (as in Dor.), ἔσσεσθαι, ἐσσόμενος.
2. Herodotus has pres, ind. 2 sing. εἶς, 1 pl. εἰμέν; imperf., the Attic forms and ἔα, 2 sing. ἔας, 2 pl. ἔατε; iterative ἔσκον; subj. ἔω, ἔωσι; opt. once ἐν-έοι, εἴησαν, less freq. εἶεν; part. ἐών.
3. Dor. pres. ind. 1 sing. ἠμί and εἰμί, 2 sing. ἐσσί, 1 pl. ἠμές and εἰμές (Pind. εἰμέν), 3 pl. ἐντί; imperf. 3 sing. ἦς (for ἠσ-τ), 1 pl. ἦμες, 3 pl. ἦσαν and ἦν; inf. ἦμεν, εἶμεν; part. ἐών and fem. ἔασσα, pl. ἔντες. Fut. ἐσσεῦμαι, -ῇ, -ῆται or -εῖται, ἐσσοῦνται (540 D.).
4. Aeolic ἔμμι out of ἐσμι; imper. ἔσσο, part. ἔων, ἔσσα (Sappho); imperf. ἔον.
769
The optative forms εἴημεν, εἴητε, εἴησαν are found only in prose writers. εἶμεν occurs in poetry and Plato, εἶτε only in poetry, εἶεν in poetry and prose and more frequently than εἴησαν.
770
The indicative εἰμί is for *ἐσ-μι (37); εἶ is for *ἐσι (originally ἐσ-σί, 463 b); ἐσ-τί retains the original ending τι; εἰσί is for (σ-)εντι, cp. Lat. sunt; ἐσμέν, with ς before μ despite 105; the ς is due to the influence of ἐστέ. The subjunctive ὦ is for ἔω, from ἐσ-ω; the optative εἴην is for ἐσ-ιη-ν; εἶμεν for ἐσ-ῑμεν, cp. Lat. sĩmus. The infinitive εἶναι is for ἐσ-ναι; the participle ὤν is for ἐών, from ἐσ-ων.
771
Old Attic ἦ is from ἦα (Hom.) = ἠσṃ, i.e. ἐσ- augmented + the secondary ending μ, which becomes α by 35 c. ἦς for ἦσθα is rare. The 3 pl. was originally ἦν, contracted from ἦεν (Hom.); this ἦν came to be used as 3 sing. By analogy to ἦμεν ἦστε the 1 sing. ἦν was formed.
772
Inflected according to the ω-conjugation are the subjunctive, the participle ὤν, and several dialect forms.
773
εἶμι (ἰ-, εἰ-; cp. Lat. ῑ-ρε) go has only the present system.
| PRESENT | IMPERFECT | |||
| Indicative | Subjunctive | Optative | Imperative | Indicative |
| Sing. 1 εἶμι | ἴω | ἴοιμι or ἰοίην | ᾖα or ᾔειν | |
| 2 εἶ | ἴῃς | ἴοις | ἴθι | ᾔεισθα or ᾔεις |
| 3 εἶσι | ἴῃ | ἴοι | ἴτω | ᾔειν or ᾔει |
| Dual 2 ἴτον | ἴητον | ἴοιτον | ἴτον | ᾖτον |
| 3 ἴτον | ἴητον | ἰοίτην | ἴτων | ᾔτην |
| Plur. 1 ἴμεν | ἴωμεν | ἴοιμεν | ᾖμεν | |
| 2 ἴτε | ἴητε | ἴοιτε | ἴτε | ᾖτε |
| 3 ἴᾱσι | ἴωσι | ἴοιεν | ἰόντων | ᾖσαν or ᾔεσαν |
Infinitive: ἰέναι . Participle: ἰών, ἰοῦσα, ἰόν, gen. ἰόντος, ἰούσης, ἰόντος, etc.
Verbal Adjectives: ἰτός (poet.), ἰτέος, ἰτητέος.
a. The imperative 3 pl. ἴτωσαν occurs rarely in Xenophon and Plato.
b. The participle ἰών is accented like a second aorist. The accent of the simple form of participle and infinitive is kept in composition, as παριών, παριοῦσα, ἀπιέναι. Otherwise the compounds have recessive accent so far as the rules allow: πάρειμι, ἄπεισι, but ἀπῇα, προσῇμεν.
773 D
Hom. has 2 sing. εἶσθα (Hesiod εἶς); subj. ἴῃσθα and ἴῃς, ἴῃσιν and ἴῃ, ἴομεν and ἴ̄ομεν; opt. ἰείη and ἴοι; infin. ἴμεναι, ἴμεν, and ἰέναι (twice). Imperf.: 1 sing. ἤϊα, ἀνήϊον, 3 sing. ἤϊε, ᾖε, ᾔει (at the verse-end, ᾖε?), ἴε; dual ἴτην, pl. ᾔομεν, ἤϊσαν, ἐπῇσαν, ἴσαν, ἤϊον. For ἤϊα, ἤϊε, ἤϊσαν some write ᾔεα, ᾔεε, ᾔεσαν. Future: εἴσομαι Ω 462, ο 213. ϝείσομαι Ξ 8 and ϝείσατο, ἐϝείσατο probably come from ϝί̄εμαι strive (778).
Hdt.: ἤϊα, ἤϊε, ἤϊσαν (Mss.), but ῃ for ηι is correct.
774
εἶμι in the indicative present means I shall go, I am going. See 1880. For I go ἔρχομαι is used in the present indicative, but not (in prose) in the imperfect, or in the other moods. The scheme of moods and tenses is as follows: Present: indic. ἔρχομαι, subj. ἴω, opt. ἴοιμι or ἰοίην, imper. ἴθι, inf. ἰέναι, part. ἰών. Imperfect: ᾖα. Future: εἶμι, ἐλευσοίμην, ἐλεύσεσθαι, ἐλευσόμενος.
775
In the imperfect the older prose writers usually have ᾖα, ᾔεισθα, ᾔει-ν, the later have ᾔειν, ᾔεις, ᾔει. The plural forms ᾔειμεν and ᾔειτε are not classical. Prose writers seem to prefer ᾔεσαν to ᾖσαν. The ῃ here is the stem ει augmented.
776
The part., the subjv., and the opt. are inflected with the thematic vowel; and so also some of the dialectical forms.
777
ἵ̄ημι (ἑ-, ἡ-) send is inflected nearly like τίθημι (p. 135). The inflection of the present and second aorist systems is as follows:
| ACTIVE | MIDDLE (PASSIVE) MIDDLE | ||||
| INDICATIVE | INDICATIVE | ||||
| Pres. | Imperf. | Second Aor. | Pres. | Imperf. | Second Aor. |
| S. 1 ἵ̄ημι | ἵ̄ην | ( ἧκα ) | ἵ̄εμαι | ἱ̄έμην | — εἵμην |
| 2 ἵ̄ης, ἱ̄εῖς (746 b) | ἵ̄εις (746 b) | ( ἧκασ ) | ἵ̄εσαι (465 a) | ἵ̄εσο | — εἷσο |
| 3 ἵ̄ησι | ἵ̄ει | ( ἧκε ) | ἵ̄εται | ἵ̄ετο | — εἷτο |
| D. 2 ἵ̄ετον | ἵ̄ετον | — εἷτον | ἵ̄εσθον | ἵ̄εσθον | — εἷσθον |
| 3. ἵ̄ετον | ἱ̄έτην | — εἵτην | ἵ̄εσθον | ἱ̄έσθην | — εἵσθην |
| P. 1 ἵ̄εμεν | ἵ̄εμεν | — εἷμεν | ἱ̄έμεθα | ἱ̄έμεθα | — εἵμεθα |
| 2 ἵ̄ετε | ἵ̄ετε | — εἷτε | ἵ̄εσθε | ἵ̄εσθε | — εἷσθε |
| 3 ἱ̄ᾶσι (463 d) | ἵ̄εσαν | — εἷσαν | ἵ̄ενται | ἵ̄εντο | — εἷντο |
| S. 1 ἱ̄ῶ | — ὧ | ἱ̄ῶμαι | — ὧμαι |
| 2 ἱ̄ῇς | — ᾗς | ἱ̄ῇ | — ᾗ |
| 3 ἱ̄ῇ | — ᾗ | ἱ̄ῆται | — ἧται |
| D. 2 ἱ̄ῆτον | — ἧτον | ἱ̄ῆσθον | — ἧσθον |
| 3 ἱ̄ῆτον | — ἧτον | ἱ̄ῆσθον | — ἧσθον |
| P. 1 ἱ̄ῶμεν | — ὧμεν | ἱ̄ώμεθα | — ὥμεθα |
| 2 ἱ̄ῆτε | — ἧτε | ἱ̄ῆσθε | — ἧσθε |
| 3 ἱ̄ῶσι | — ὧσι | ἱ̄ῶνται | — ὧνται |
| S 1 ἱ̄είην | — εἵην | ἱ̄είμην | — εἵμην (758 c) |
| 2 ἱ̄είης | — εἵης | ἱ̄εῖο | — εἷο |
| 3 ἱ̄είη | — εἵη | ἱ̄εῖτο | — εἷτο |
| (— οἷτο ) | |||
| D. 2 ἱ̄εῖτον or | — εἷτον or | ἱ̄εῖσθον | — εἷσθον |
| ἱ̄είητον | — εἵητον | ||
| 3 ἱ̄είτην or | — εἵτην or | ἱ̄είσθην | — εἵσθην |
| ἱ̄ειήτην | — εἱήτην | ||
| P. 1 ἱ̄εῖμεν or | — εἷμεν or | ἱ̄είμεθα | — εἵμεθα |
| ἱ̄είημεν | — εἵημεν | (— οἵμεθα ) | |
| 2 ἱ̄εῖτε or | — εἷτε or | ἱ̄εῖσθε | — εἷσθε |
| ἱ̄είητε | — εἵητε | (— οἷσθε ) | |
| 3 ἱ̄εῖεν or | — εἷεν or | ἱ̄εῖντο | — εἷντο |
| ἱ̄είησαν | — εἵησαν | (— οἷντο ) | |
| IMPERATIVE | |||
| S. 2 ἵ̄ει (746 b) | — ἕς | ἵ̄εσο | — οὗ |
| 3 ἱ̄έτω | — ἕτω | ἱ̄έσθω | — ἕσθω |
| D. 2 ἵ̄ετον | — ἕτον | ἵ̄εσθον | — ἕσθον |
| 3 ἱ̄έτων | — ἕτων | ἱ̄έσθων | — ἕσθων |
| P. 2 ἵ̄ετε | — ἕτε | ἵ̄εσθε | — ἕσθε |
| 3 ἱ̄έντων (466. 2, b) | — ἕντων | ἱ̄έσθων (466. 2, b) | — ἕσθων |
| INFINITIVE | |||
| ἱ̄έναι | — εἷναι | ἵ̄εσθαι | — ἕσθαι |
| ἱ̄είς, ἱ̄εῖσα, ἱ̄έν | —εἵς, —εἷσα, —ἕν | ἱ̄έμενος | — ἕμενος |
Future: — ἥσω in prose only in composition; — ἥσομαι only in composition.
First Aorist: ἧκα in prose usually in comp., — ἡκάμην ; both only in the indic.
Perfect Active: — εἷκα only in composition.
Perfect Middle (Passive): — εἷμαι (plup. — εἵμην ), — εἵσθω , — εἷσθαι , — εἱμένος , only in composition.
Aorist Passive: — εἵθην , — ἑθῶ , — ἑθῆναι , — ἑθείς , only in composition.
Future Passive: — ἑθήσομαι , only in composition.
Verbal Adjectives: — ἑτός , — ἑτέος , only in composition.
777 D
1. In Hom. ἵημι usually has the initial ι short. Present: -ἱεῖς, ἵησι and -ἱεῖ, ἱεῖσι from ἱε-ντι, inf. ἱέμεναι and -ἱέμεν. Imperf.: -ἵειν, -ἵεις, -ἵει, 3 pl. ἵεν. Future: ἥσω, once ἀν-έσει. First Aorist: ἧκα and ἕηκα, ἐνήκαμεν once, ἧκαν once. Second Aorist: for the augmented εἱ-forms Hom. has usually the unaugmented ἑ-; as ἕσαν, ἕντο. In the subjunctive μεθείω, μεθήῃ, ἀφέῃ, μεθῶμεν.
2. Hdt. has -ἱεῖ (accented -ἵει), ἱεῖσι, imperf. -ἵ̄ει, perf. ἀνέωνται for ἀνεῖνται, part. με-μετ-ι-μένος for μεθειμένος.
3. Dor. has perf. ἕωκα, ἕωμαι.
778
Since ἵημι is reduplicated (probably for σι-ση-μι) the initial ι should be short, as it is in Hom. (rarely in Attic poetry). ῑ is probably due to confusion with the ῑ of Hom. ἵ̄εμαι (ϝί̄εμαι) strive, a meaning that ἵεμαι occasionally shows in Attic. ἵεμαι meaning hasten occurs only in the present and imperfect.
779
ει is for ε ¨ ε in the second aorist active (ἐ-ἑ-μεν ῀ εἷμεν), perfect active (ἑ-ἑ-κα ῀ εἷκα), perfect middle (ἑ-ἑ-μαι ῀ εἷμαι), second aorist passive (ε᾽ ¨ ἑ-θην ῀ εἵθην). In the aorists ε᾽ is the augment, in the perfects the first ἑ is the reduplication of the weak stem ἑ-. The first aorist ἧ-κα has the strong stem form. Present subj. ἱ̄ῶ, ἱ̄ῇς, etc., are for ἱ̄ἑω, ἱ̄ἑῃς, etc.; aor. subj. -ὧ, -ᾗς, etc., are for -ἕ-ω, -ἕ-ῃς, etc.
780
Much confusion exists in the Mss. as regards the accentuation. Thus for ἱ̄εῖς we find ἵεις, and in Hom. προΐει (present), as if from ἵω. See 746 c.
781
For ἀφί̄οιτε, ἀφί̄οιεν and προοῖτο, προοῖσθε, προοῖντο (also accented πρόοιτο, etc.) see 746 c.
782
The imperfect of ἀφί̄ημι is either ἀφί̄ην or ἠφί̄ην (450).
783
φημί (φα-, φη-, cp. Lat. fā-ri) say, say yes , or assent is inflected in the present as follows:
| PRESENT | IMPERFECT | |||
| Indic. | Subj. | Opt. | Imper. | |
| Sing. 1 φημί | φῶ | φαίην | ἔφην | |
| 2 φῄς | φῇς | φαίης | φαθί or φάθι | ἔφησθα or ἔφης |
| 3 φησί | φῇ | φαίη | φάτω | ἔφη |
| Dual 2 φατόν | φῆτον | not found | φάτον | ἔφατον |
| 3 φατόν | φῆτον | not found | φάτων | ἐφάτην |
| Plur. 1 φαμέν | φῶμεν | φαῖμεν or φαίημεν | ἔφαμεν | |
| 2 φατέ | φῆτε | φαίητε | φάτε | ἔφατε |
| 3 φᾱσί | φῶσι | φαῖεν or φαίησαν | φάντων | ἔφασαν |
Infin.: φάναι ; Partic.: poet. φά̄ς, φᾶσα, φάν (Attic prose φάσκων ); Verbal Adj.: φατός (poet.), φατέος .
Future: φήσω, φήσειν, φήσων.
First Aorist: ἔφησα, φήσω, φήσαιμι, —, φῆσαι, φήσᾱς.
Perf. Pass. Imper.: πεφάσθω let it be said.
783 D
1. Hom. has φῇσθα for φῄς; subj. φήῃ and φῇσι (463 c. D) for φῇ; imperf. ἔφην, φῆν, ἔφησθα, φῆσθα, ἔφης, φῆς, 3 s. ἔφην, rarely φῆ, 1 pl. φαμέν, 3 pl. ἔφασαν, φάσαν, ἔφαν, φάν.
2. Doric φᾱμί, φᾱτί, φαντί; imperf. ἔφᾱ, φᾶ; inf. φάμεν; fut. φά̄σω, φά̄σομαι; aor. ἔφᾱσα.
3. Aeolic φᾶμι or φαῖμι, φαῖσθα, 3 s. φαῖσι, 3 pl. φαῖσι.
784
All the forms of the present indicative except φῄς are enclitic (181 c). —In composition σύμφημι, σύμφῃς (but the Mss. often have συμφῄς and συμφῇς), συμφῶ, σύμφαθι.
785
In the optative φαῖτε does not occur, perhaps by chance (461, 683 a). φαῖμεν, φαῖεν are ordinary Attic; φαίημεν, φαίησαν are rare.
786
Middle forms in present, imperfect, and future are dialectic.
786 D
Middle forms of φημί are rare or unknown in Attic (Plato has perf. imper. πεφάσθω), but common in other dialects; yet the pres. indicative middle is rare. Hom. has imperf. ἐφάμην, ἔφατο or φάτο, etc., imper. φάο, φάσθω, etc., inf. φάσθαι (and in choral poetry), part. φάμενος (also in Hdt.). These middle forms are active in meaning.
787
οὔ φημι means refuse (Lat. nego). In the meaning assert, φάσκω is commonly used outside of the indicative. In the meaning say often, φάσκω is used. ἔφησα and φήσω are aor. and fut. in the meanings say yes and assent. ἔφην, ἔφη (and φάναι) often correspond to Lat. inquam, inquit.
788
ἔφην and φῶ, φαίην may have an aoristic force. ἔφην and poet. ἐφάμην are both imperfect and second aorist.
789
ἧμαι (ἡσ-) sit is inflected only in the present system. The ς of the verb-stem appears only before -ται, -το.
| PRESENT | IMPERATIVE | IMPERFECT | ||||
| ἧμαι | ἥμεθα | ἥμην | ἥμεθα | |||
| ἧσαι | ἧσθον | ἧσθε | ἧσο | ἧσο | ἧσθον | ἧσθε |
| ἧσται | ἧσθον | ἧνται | ἥσθω , etc. | ἧστο | ἥσθην | ἧντο |
The subjunctive and optative are wanting; present infinitive ἧσθαι ; participle ἥμενος .
a. Uncompounded ἧμαι occurs only in Epic, tragedy, and Herodotus. The missing tenses are supplied by ἕζομαι, ἵζω and ἵζομαι.
789 D
Hom. has εἵαται, and ἕαται (twice), εἵατο, and ἕατο once (once ἧντο). ἡ- is probably the correct spelling for εἱ-.
790
In place of ἧμαι we find usually κάθ-ημαι in Attic prose and comedy. κάθημαι sometimes is perfect in meaning (I have sat, I have been seated). The ς of the verb-stem does not appear except before -το .
| PRESENT | IMPERFECT | ||||
| Indicative | Subjunctive | Optative | Imperative | Indicative | |
| S. 1 κάθημαι | καθῶμαι | καθοίμην | ἐκαθήμην (450) | or καθήμην | |
| 2 κάθησαι | καθῇ | καθοῖο | κάθησο | ἐκάθησο | καθῆσο |
| 3 κάθηται | καθῆται | καθοῖτο | καθήσθω | ἐκάθητο | καθῆστο or |
| καθῆτο | |||||
| D. 2 κάθησθον | καθῆσθον | καθοῖσθον | κάθησθον | ἐκάθησθον | καθῆσθον |
| 3 κάθησθον | καθῆσθον | καθοίσθην | καθήσθων | ἐκαθήσθην | καθήσθην |
| P. 1 καθήμεθα | καθώμεθα | καθοίμεθα | ἐκαθήμεθα | καθήμεθα | |
| 2 κάθησθε | καθῆσθε | καθοῖσθε | κάθησθε | ἐκάθησθε | καθῆσθε |
| 3 κάθηνται | καθῶνται | καθοῖντο | καθήσθων | ἐκάθηντο | καθῆντο |
Infinitive: καθῆσθαι ; Participle: καθήμενος .
a. The imperative has κάθου in comedy for κάθησο. In the imperfect ἐκαθήμην is used about as often as καθήμην.
b. The missing tenses are supplied by καθέζομαι, καθίζω, καθίζομαι.
790 D
Hom. has 3 pl. καθείατο (καθήατο?). Hdt. has κατέαται, κατέατο; καθῆστο not καθῆτο.
791
κεῖμαι (κει-) lie, am laid, regularly used in the present and imperfect instead of the perfect and pluperfect passive of τίθημι place.
| PRESENT | IMPERFECT | |||
| Indic. | Subj. | Opt. | Imper. | Indic. |
| Sing. 1 κεῖμαι | ἐκείμην | |||
| 2 κεῖσαι | κεῖσο | ἔκεισο | ||
| 3 κεῖται | κέηται | κέοιτο | κείσθω | ἔκειτο |
| Dual 2 κεῖσθον | κεῖσθον | ἔκεισθον | ||
| 3 κεῖσθον | κείσθων | ἐκείσθην | ||
| Plur. 1 κείμεθα | ἐκείμεθα | |||
| 2 κεῖσθε | ( δια ) κέησθε | κεῖσθε | ἔκεισθε | |
| 3 κεῖνται | ( κατα ) κέωνται | ( προσ ) κέοιντο | κείσθων | ἔκειντο |
Infinitive: κεῖσθαι ; Participle: κείμενος .
Future: κείσομαι, κείσῃ or κείσει, κείσεται, etc.
a. In the subjunctive and optative κει- becomes κε- before a vowel (43).
b. Compounds have recessive accent in the present indicative and imperative: παράκειμαι, παράκεισο, but παρακεῖσθαι.
791 D
Hom. has 3 pl. pres. κείαται, κέαται, κέονται; imperf. κεῖντο, κείατο, κέατο, iter. κέσκετο; subj. κῆται, and κεῖται for χε([ιγλιδε])-ε-ται; fut. κείσομαι.
Hdt. has 3 sing. pres. κέεται and κεῖται, 3 pl. κέαται; imperf. ἔκειτο, pl. ἐκέατο.
792
ἠ-μί (cp. Lat. a-io) say occurs only in the present and imperfect 1 and 3 sing., and is used in parentheses (as Lat. inquam, inquit).
Forms: ἠμί, ἠσί; ἦν, ἦ. Examples: παῖ, ἠμί, παῖ boy, I say, boy! (emphatic repetition). ἦν δ᾽ ἐγώ said I, ἦ δ᾽ ὅς said he (1113).
792 D
Hom has ἦ, Doric ἠτί, Aeolic ἦσι.
793
χρή it is necessary is really an indeclinable substantive meaning necessity with the verb understood. In the present indicative ἐστί is to be supplied. Elsewhere χρή unites with the form of the verb to be supplied; as subj. χρῇ (χρὴ ¨ ᾖ), opt. χρείη (χρὴ ¨ εἴη), inf. χρῆναι (χρὴ ¨ εἶναι), part. indeclinable χρεών (χρὴ ¨ ὄν); imperf. χρῆν (χρὴ ¨ ἦν), and less commonly ἐχρῆν with an augment because the composite character of χρῆν was forgotten, fut. χρῆσται (χρὴ ¨ ἔσται).
a. ἀπόχρη it suffices has pl. ἀποχρῶσι, part. ἀποχρῶν, -χρῶσα, -χρῶν, imperf. ἀπέχρη, fut. ἀποχρήσει, aor. ἀπέχρησε.
793 D
Hdt. has χρή, χρῆν, χρῆναι, but ἀπροχρᾷ, ἀποχρᾶν.
794
οἶδα (ἰδ, εἰδ-ε, οἰδ- originally with ϝ; cp. Lat. video) know is a second perfect with the meaning of a present, and formed without reduplication. The second perfect and second pluperfect are inflected as follows:
| SECOND PERFECT | SECOND PLUPERFECT | |||||
| Indic. | Subj. | Opt. | Imper. | Indic. | ||
| Sing. 1 οἶδα | εἰδῶ | εἰδείην | ᾔδη | or ᾔδειν | ||
| 2 οἶσθα | εἰδῇς | εἰδείης | ἴσθι | ᾔδησθα | or ᾔδεις | |
| 3 οἶδε | εἰδῇ | εἰδείη | ἴστω | ᾔδει ( ν ) | ||
| Dual 2 ἴστον | εἰδῆτον | εἰδεῖτον | ἴστον | ᾖστον | ||
| 3 ἴστον | εἰδῆτον | εἰδείτην | ἴστων | ᾔστην | ||
| Plur. 1 ἴσμεν | εἰδῶμεν | εἰδεῖμεν | or εἰδείημεν | ᾖσμεν | or ᾔδεμεν | |
| 2 ἴστε | εἰδῆτε | εἰδεῖτε | εἰδείητε | ἴστε | ᾖστε | ᾔδετε |
| 3 ἴσᾱσι | εἰδῶσι | εἰδεῖεν | εἰδείησαν | ἴστων | ᾖσαν | ᾔδεσαν |
Infinitive εἰδέναι ; Participle εἰδώς, εἰδυῖα, εἰδός (309); Verbal Adj. ἰστέος ; Future εἴσομαι . Compound σύνοιδα am conscious of.
794 D
1. Hom. has οἶδας α 337, ἴδμεν, ἴσᾱσι (ἴσσᾱσι for ἴ̄σᾱσι I 36); subj. εἰδέω π 236 and ἰδέω (? Ξ 235), εἴδομεν and εἴδετε with short thematic vowels; inf. ἴδμεναι, ἴδμεν; part. εἰδυῖα and ἰδυῖα. Pluperf. ᾔδεα, ᾔδησθα τ 93, ἠείδεισ(-ης?) X 280 with η as augment (433), ᾔδη, ᾔδεε, ἠείδει ι 206, 3 pl. ἴσαν for ἰδ-σαν. Fut. εἴσομαι, inf. εἰδησέμεν and -σειν.
2. Hdt. has οἶδας, ἴδμεν and οἴδαμεν (rarely), οἴδᾱσι, subj. εἰδέω, plup. ᾔδεα, ᾔδεε (ᾔδει?), -ᾐδέατε, ᾔδεσαν, fut. εἰδήσω.
3. Dor. has ἴσᾱμι (pl. ἴσαμεν, ἴσαντι) and οἶδα. Boeotian has ἴττω for ἴστω. Aeolic has ϝοίδημι and οἶδα.
795
The verb-stem has the meaning find out; hence the perfect οἶδα means I have found out and hence I know.
796
In Ionic and late Greek we find οἶδας, οἴδαμεν, etc. These forms are rare in Attic. οἶσθας occurs in comedy.
797
In the optative dual and plural prose writers have either the shorter or the longer forms; the poets only the shorter forms.
798
Pluperfect ᾔδειν, ᾔδεις occur in later Attic (Demosthenes), but are suspicious in earlier writers. ᾔδεισθα occurs in the best Mss. of Plato and elsewhere, but it is less correct Attic. ᾔδης is incorrect. ᾔδει is rare. ᾖστον, ᾔστην are almost entirely poetic. In the plural ᾔδειμεν, ᾔδειτε, ᾔδεισαν are post-classical. ᾔδεμεν, ᾔδετε occur rarely in the Attic poets.
799
οἶσθα is from οἰδ ¨ θα; ἴστε from ἰδ ¨ τε; ἴσθι from ἰδ ¨ θι (83). ἴσμεν (older ἴδμεν) gets its ς from ἴστε (87). ἴσᾱσι is from ἰδ ¨ σαντι, with ς from (Hom.) ἴσαν ῀ ἰδ-σαν with the ending -σαν (cp. εἴξᾱσι 704 d). ᾔδη is for ἠ-είδη with η as augment (433).
PECULIARITIES IN THE USE OF THE VOICE-FORMS, ETC.
800
Some verbs in the present appear in classical Greek in the active voice only, as βαίνω go, ἕρπω creep, τρέω tremble; others in the middle only, as ἅλλομαι leap, βούλομαι wish, κάθημαι sit, κεῖμαι lie.
801
Outside of the present some active verbs show middle forms especially in the future, as βήσομαι shall go, ἀκούσομαι shall hear (805); and some verbs exclusively or chiefly deponent show active forms especially in the perfect, as γίγνομαι become γέγονα, μαίνομαι rage μέμηνα, δέρκομαι poet., 2 aor. ἔδρακον, perf. δ<*>δορκα.
802
For the passive voice the middle forms sufficed in most cases; many middle futures are still used passively (807, as ἀδικήσο- μαι shall be wronged; and traces of the passive use of the aorist middle appear in Hom., as ἔβλητο was hit. This use was largely abandoned when -ην and -θην came to be used as special marks of the passive. Originally neither -ην nor -θην was passive in meaning.
802 D
Hom. has ἐκτάμην was killed, ἐσχόμην was stayed. Cp. also ᾐδεσάμην and αἴδεσθεν (αἰδέομαι respect), ὀἱ̄σατο and ὠίσθην (οἴομαι think), ἐχολωσάμην and ἐχολώθην (χολόω enrage).
803
The second aorist in -ην is primarily intransitive and shows active inflection (as ἔστην stood). Many so-called passive forms are in fact merely intransitive aorists of active verbs, as ἐρρύην from ῥέω flow, κατεκλίνην from κατακλί̄νω lie down, and do not differ in meaning from the aorists of deponent verbs, as ἐμάνην from μαίνομαι rage.
804
The aorists in -θην that are called passive are often active or middle in meaning, as ἥσθην took pleasure in from ἥδομαι, ᾐσχύνθην felt ashamed from αἰσχύ̄νω disgrace, αἰσχύ̄νομαι am ashamed; ὠργίσθην became angry from ὀργίζω anger.
FORMS OF ONE VOICE IN THE SENSE OF ANOTHER
805
Future Middle with Active Meaning.—Many verbs have no active future, but use instead the future middle in an active sense: λαμβάνω take λήψομαι, γιγνώσκω know γνώσομαι.
a. Most such verbs denote a physical action, as the action of the vocal organs; the action of the organs of sight, hearing, smell, touch; the action of throat, mouth, lips; bodily activity in general, voluntary or involuntary; and other aspects of the physical side of human organism.
806
In the following list of active verbs with middle futures those marked * have also an active future; those marked † sometimes have an active future in late Greek. All verbs adding -αν- to form the present stem (523, b, c) have a middle future except αὐξάνω, λανθάνω, ὀφλισκάνω. Verbs denoting praise or blame usually have both an active and a middle future.
| *ᾁδω | †βοάω | εἰμί | *κλάζω | οἶδα | πί̄πτω | *τίκτω |
| †ἀκούω | †γελάω | *ἐμέω | *κλαίω | †οἰμώζω | πλέω | †τλάω (ἔτλην) |
| ἀλαλάζω | *γηράσκω | *ἐπαινέω | κρά̄ζω | ὀλολύζω | πνέω | τρέχω |
| †ἁμαρτάνω | γηρύ̄ω | ἐρυγγάνω | †κύπτω | †ὄμνῡμι | *ποθέω | τρώγω |
| †ἀπαντάω | γιγνώσκω | ἐσθίω | †κωκύ̄ω | ὁράω | ῥέω | τυγχάνω |
| †ἀπολαύω | *γρύζω | θαυμάζω | λαγχάνω | ὀτοτύζω | *ῥοφέω | τωθάζω |
| *ἁρπάζω | δάκνω | *θέω | λαμβάνω | οὐρέω | †σῑγάω | φεύγω |
| βαδίζω | δείδω | *θιγγάνω | λάζκω | παίζω | †σιωπάω | *φθάνω |
| βαίνω | (see 703) | -θνῄσκω | μανθάνω | πάσχω | σκώπτω | χάσκω |
| †βιόω | -διδρά̄σκω | θρῴσκω | *νεύω | †πηδάω | †σπουδάζω | χέζω |
| *βλέπω | *διώκω | κάμνω | νέω swim | πί̄νω | (late) | *χωρέω |
| βλώσκω | *ἐγκωμιάζω | κι(γ)χάνω |
a. Compounds of χωρέω with ἀπο-, συγ-, παρα-, προσ- have both active and middle futures; other compounds have only the active futures.
807
Future Middle with Passive Meaning.—In many verbs the future middle has the meaning of the future passive, as ἀδικέω wrong, ἀδικήσομαι shall be wronged.
808
The following verbs commonly use the future middle in a passive sense. (All of these have the future passive in late Greek, except ἀμφις βητέω, ἐάω, εἴργω, ἐνεδρεύω, οἰκέω, παιδαγωγέω, προαγορεύω, στρεβλόω, στυγέω.)
| ἀγνοέω not to know | εἴργω shut | μαστῑγόω whip | στρεβλόω rack |
| ἀγωνίζομαι contend | ἐκπλύ̄νω wash out | οἰκέω inhabit | στυγέω hate (poet.) |
| ἀδικέω wrong | ἐνεδρεύω lie in wait | ὁμολογέω agree | ταράττω disturb |
| ἀμφισβητέω dispute | for | ὀνειδίζω reproach | τηρέω guard |
| ἀνοίγνῡμι open, C.I.A. | ἐπιβουλεύω plot | παιδαγωγέω edu- | τρέφω nourish |
| 2. 1054 (not found | against | cate | τρί̄βω rub |
| in literature) | ἐχθαίρω hate | πολεμέω wage war | ὕ̄ω rain |
| ἄρχω rule | ἔχω have | προαγορεύω fore- | φιλέω love |
| διδάσκω teach | θεραπεύω tend | tell | φυλάττω guard |
| ἐάω permit | κωλύ̄ω prevent | σταθμάω measure |
809
Some verbs use in a passive sense both a future middle form and a future passive form; on the difference in meaning see 1738.
| ἄγω lead, ἄξομαι, ἀχθήσομαι. | μαρτυρέω bear witness, μαρτυρήσομαι, |
| ἀπατάω deceive, ἀπατήσομαι, ἐξαπατη- | μαρτυρηθήσομαι. |
| θήσομαι. | πολιορκέω besiege, πολιορκήσομαι, πολι- |
| αὐξάνω increase, αὐξήσομαι, αὐξηθήσομαι. | ορκηθήσομαι. |
| βλάπτω hurt, βλάψομαι, βλαβήσομαι. | πρά̄ττω do, πρά̄ξομαι (rare), πρᾱχθήσομαι. |
| δηλόω manifest, δηλώσομαι, δηλωθήσο- | στερέω deprive, ἀποστερήσομαι, ἀποστε- |
| μαι. | ρηθήσομαι. |
| ζημιόω fine, ζημιώσομαι, ζημιωθήσομαι. | τῑμάω honour, τῑμήσομαι, τῑμηθήσομαι. |
| καλέω call, καλοῦμαι (rare), κληθήσομαι. | ὑβρίζω insult, ὑβριοῦμαι, ὑβρισθήσομαι. |
| κηρύ̄ττω proclaim, κηρύξομαι (rare), κη- | φέρω bear, οἴσομαι, οἰσθήσομαι, κατενε- |
| ρυχθήσομαι. | χθήσομαι. |
| κρί̄νω judge, κρινοῦμαι, κριθήσομαι. | φρονέω: καταφρονήσομαι despise, κατα- |
| λέγω say, λέξομαι (tragic), λεχθήσομαι. | φρονηθήσομαι. |
| λείπω leave, ἀπολείψομαι, ἀπολειφθήσομαι. | ὠφελέω aid, ὠφελήσομαι, ὠφεληθήσομαι. |
810
Middle Deponents.—Deponent verbs whose aorists have an active or middle meaning with middle forms are called middle deponents. The aorist passive of such verbs, when it occurs, has a passive force. Thus αἰτιάομαι accuse, ᾐτιᾱσάμην accused, ᾐτιά̄θην was accused. Others 813 c.
811
Passive Deponents.—Deponent verbs whose aorists have the passive form but the active or middle meaning are called passive deponents; as βούλομαι wish, aor. ἐβουλήθην. The future is usually middle in form. Most passive deponents express mental action of some sort.
812
In the following list verbs marked * have a future passive form and also a future middle form; as διαλέγομαι converse, aor. διελέχθην conversed, fut. διαλέξομαι and διαλεχθήσομαι shall converse. But ἥδομαι take pleasure in has only ἡσθήσομαι, and ἡττάομαι yield to, am worsted has only ἡττηθήσομαι. Verbs with † have also an aorist middle, but it is less common, or poetic, or late Greek.
| †ἄγαμαι admire, ἠγάσθην | *ἡττάομαι yield to, ἡττήθην |
| *†αἰδέομαι feel shame, ᾐδέσθην | (ἐν-) θῡμέομαι consider, ἐνεθῡμήθην |
| ἀλάομαι (usu. poet.) wander, ἠλήθην | (προ-) θῡμέομαι am eager, προεθῡμήθην |
| †ἁμιλλάομαι contend, ἡμιλλήθην | *†(δια-) λέγομαι converse, διελέχθην |
| †ἀρνέομαι deny, ἠρνήθην | (ἐπι-) μέλομαι care for, ἐπεμελήθην |
| *ἄχθομαι am grieved, ἠχθέσθην | (μετα-) μέλομαι regret, μετεμελήθην |
| βούλομαι wish, ἐβουλήθην (430) | (ἀπο-) νοέομαι despair, ἀπενοήθην |
| δέομαι want, ἐδεήθην | *(δια-) νοέομαι reflect, διενοήθην |
| δέρκομαι (poet.) see, ἐδέρχθην | (ἐν-) νοέομαι think of, ἐνενοήθην |
| δύναμαι am able, ἐδυνήθην (430) | †(ἐπι-) νοέομαι think on, ἐπενοήθην |
| ἐναντιόομαι oppose, ἠναντιώθην | †(προ-) νοέομαι foresee, provide, προε- |
| ἐπίσταμαι understand, ἠπιστήθην | νοήθην |
| ἔραμαι ἐράω love, ἠράσθην | οἴομαι think, ᾠήθην |
| εὐλαβέομαι am cautious, ηὐλαβήθην | φιλοτῑμέομαι am ambitious, ἐφιλοτῑμή- |
| †ἥδομαι take pleasure in, ἥσθην | θην |
a. Some verbs use either the aorist middle or aorist passive without distinction, as ἐναυλίζομαι bivouac, πρᾱγματεύομαι am engaged in.
b. Some verbs use both, but prefer the aorist middle, as ἀποκρί̄νομαι answer, ἀπολογέομαι speak in defence, μέμφομαι blame.
c. Some verbs use the aorist passive in an active or middle sense, as ἀπορέομαι doubt, pass. be disputed, aor. ἠπορήθην; πειράω prove, πειράομαι try, aor. ἐπειρά̄θην (less often ἐπειρᾱσάμην), fut. πειρά̄σομαι and πειρᾱθήσομαι. ἐράω (poet. ἔραμαι) love has ἠράσθην fell in love with, fut. ἐρασθήσομαι.
813
Deponents with Passive Meaning.—Some deponent verbs have a passive meaning. This is avoided by good writers in the present and imperfect or future passive, is not frequent in the aorist, but is common in the perfect and pluperfect passive. Thus ἀπεκρίνεται (ἀπεκρίθη) ταῦτα this answer is (was) made is not good Greek. Few verbs show the passive meaning in most of these tenses; as ὠνέομαι buy, am bought, ἐωνήθην was bought, ἐώνημαι have bought, have been bought.
a. Present and Imperfect: ἀγωνίζομαι contend, am contended for, βιάζομαι force, am forced, λῡμαίνομαι maltreat, am maltreated, ὠνέομαι buy, am bought.
b. Future Passive: ἀπαρνέομαι deny, ἀπαρνηθήσομαι, ἐργάζομαι work, do, ἐργασθήσομαι.
c. Aorist Passive: These verbs (middle deponents, 810) have also an aorist middle; the aorist passive is used in a passive sense: ἀγωνίζομαι contend, αἰκίζομαι harass, αἰνίττομαι speak darkly, αἰτιάομαι accuse, ἀκέομαι heal, βιάζομαι force, δέχομαι receive, δωρέομαι present, ἐργάζομαι work, do, ἡγέομαι lead, θεάομαι behold, ἰ̄άομαι heal, κτάομαι acquire, λῡμαίνομαι maltreat, λωβάομαι abuse, μῑμέομαι imitate, ὀλοφύ̄ρομαι lament, προφασίζομαι feign an excuse, χράομαι use, ὠνέομαι buy. ἀποκρί̄νομαι has ἀπεκρί̄νατο answered, ἀπεκρίθην usu. means was separated.
d. Perfect and Pluperfect: These verbs use the perfect middle in the middle or the passive sense: ἀγωνίζομαι contend, αἰνίττομαι speak darkly, αἰτιάομαι accuse, ἀποκρί̄νομαι answer, ἀπολογέομαι make a defence, βιάζομαι force, ἐνθῡμέομαι consider, ἐργάζομαι work, do, εὔχομαι pray, ἡγέομαι lead, κτάομαι acquire, λωβάομαι abuse, μηχανάομαι devise, μῑμέομαι imitate, παρρησιάζομαι speak boldly, πολῑτεύομαι act as (discharge the duties of) a citizen, πρᾱγματεύομαι am engaged in, σκέπτομαι view, χράομαι use, ὠνέομαι buy.
814
Active Verbs with Aorist Passive in a Middle Sense.—The aorist passive of some active verbs has a reflexive or middle sense, either sometimes or always. Thus εὐφραίνω gladden, ηὐφράνθην rejoiced, κῑνέω move, ἐκῑνήθην was moved or moved myself, φαίνω show, ἐφάνην showed myself, appeared (ἐφάνθην usually was shown).
a. These verbs are often called middle passives.
b. The middle and the passive form of the future of such verbs is often found, the middle being frequently preferred.
815
Aorist Passive and Future Middle forms:
| αἰσχύ̄νω disgrace, ᾐσχύνθην felt | ὀργίζω anger, ὠργίσθην became angry, |
| ashamed, αἰσχυνοῦμαι | ὀργιοῦμαι |
| ἀνιάω vex, ἠνιά̄θην felt vexed, ἀνιά̄σομαι | ὁρμάω incite, ὡρμήθην set out, ὁρμήσομαι |
| ἐπείγω urge, ἠπείχθην urged, ἐπείξομαι | πείθω persuade, ἐπείσθην obeyed, πείσο- |
| εὐφραίνω gladden, ηὐφράνθην rejoiced, | μαι |
| εὐφρανοῦμαι | πλανάω cause to wander, ἐπλανήθην |
| κῑνέω move, ἐκῑνήθην moved (bestirred) | wandered, πλανήσομαι |
| myself, κῑνήσομαι | πορεύω convey, ἐπορεύθην marched, πο- |
| κοιμάω put to sleep, ἐκοιμήθην lay down | ρεύσομαι |
| to sleep, κοιμήσομαι | φοβέω terrify, ἐφοβήθην was afraid, φο- |
| λῡπέω vex, ἐλῡπήθην grieved, λῡπήσομαι | βήσομαι |
a. ἀνάγομαι set sail, κατάγομαι land, ὁπλίζομαι arm myself, ὁρμίζομαι lie at anchor, generally have an aorist middle.
816
Aorist Passive and Future Passive forms:
| μιμνῄσκω remind, ἐμνήσθην remembered, | σφάλλω trip up, deceive, ἐσφάλην erred, |
| μνησθήσομαι | failed, σφαλήσομαι |
| στρέφω turn, ἐστράφην turned, στραφή- | τήκω cause to melt, ἐτάκην dissolved, |
| σομαι | languished, τακήσομαι |
817
Passive Aorist and Middle and Passive Future forms:
ἀπαλλάττω release, ἀπηλλάγην departed, ἀπαλλάξομαι, ἀπαλλαγήσομαι.
φαίνω show, ἐφάνην appeared, φανοῦμαι, φανήσομαι (819).
818
Some verbs have a passive aorist rarely in a middle sense; with the middle aorist in a different meaning.
†μίζω bring, ἐκομίσθην betook myself, ἐκομισάμην carried off.
ῴζω save, ἐσώθην saved myself (was saved), ἐσωσάμην saved for myself.
ψεύδω deceive, ἐψεύσθην deceived myself (was deceived), ἐψευσάμην lied.
819
In some verbs showing 1st and 2nd aorist, or 1st and 2nd perfect, the first tenses are generally transitive, the second tenses generally intransitive. The future active of these verbs is transitive. In some transitive verbs the perfect (usually the 2nd perf.) is intransitive.
ἄγνῡμι : trans. κατά̄γνῡμι break, -έᾱξα; intrans. κατά̄γνυμαι break, 2 aor. -εά̄γην; 2 perf. -έᾱγα am broken.
βαίνω go: trans. βήσω shall cause to go, 1 aor. ἔβησα, Ion. and poet.; intrans. 2 aor. ἔβην went, pf. βέβηκα have gone, stand fast.
δύ̄ω : trans. cause to enter, sink, put on, δύ̄σω, ἔδῡσα, δέδῠκα; intrans. enter, pass under, δύ̄ομαι, δύ̄νω, 2 aor. ἔδῡν dived, went down, δέδῡκα have entered, gone down. In prose usually καταδύ̄ω make sink, κατέδῡσα, καταδύ̄σω; καταδύ̄ομαι sink, καταδύ̄σομαι, κατέδῡν.—Of another's clothes, ἐνδύ̄ω (ἐνέδῡσα) means put on, ἀποδύ̄ω ἐκδύ̄ω (ἀπέδῡσα ἐξέδῡσα) mean take off; of one's own clothes, ἐνδύ̄ομαι and ἐνέδῡν mean put on, ἀποδύ̄ομαι ἐκδύ̄ομαι (ἀπέδῡν ἐξέδῡν) mean take off.
ἐγείρω : trans. rouse, wake up, ἐγερῶ, ἤγειρα, etc.; intrans. ἐγείρομαι wake, am awake, ἐγερθήσομαι, ἠγέρθην, 2 aor. ἠγρόμην awoke, 2 perf. ἐγρήγορα am awake.
ἵστημι set: trans. στήσω shall set, 1 aor. ἔστησα set, ἐστάθην was set, ἵσταμαι set for myself, στήσομαι, ἐστησάμην. Four active tenses are intrans.: 2 aor. ἔστην (set myself) stood, pf. ἕστηκα (have set myself) stand, am standing, εἱστήκη stood, was standing, 2 perf. ἕστατον stand, fut. pf. ἑστήξω shall stand. So also ἵσταμαι set myself, stand, στήσομαι.
N.—The same distinction prevails in the compounds: ἀνίστημι raise up, ἀνέστην stood up, ἀφίστημι set off, cause to revolt, ἀπέστην stood off, revolted, ἀφέστηκα am distant, am in revolt; ἐφίστημι set over, ἐπέστην set myself over, ἐφέστηκα am set over; καθίστημι set down, establish, κατέστην established myself, became established, καθέστηκα am established. The aorist middle has a different meaning: κατεστήσατο established for himself; συνίστημι introduce, unite, συνέστημεν banded together.
λείπω leave: trans. λείψω, ἔλιπον, λέλοιπα have left, have failed, am wanting. λείπομαι mid. = remain (leave myself), pass. = am left, am left behind, am inferior; 2 aor. mid. ἐλιπόμην left for myself (in Hom. was left, am inferior), λείψομαι will leave for myself, will remain, be left.
μαίνω : trans. madden, ἐκμαίνω, -μανῶ, -έμηνα; intrans. rage, μαίνομαι, μανοῦμαι, ἐμάνην, 2 perf. μέμηνα am raging.
ὄλλῡμι : trans. destroy (perdo), ἀπόλλῡμι, -ολῶ, -ώλεσα, -ολώλεκα have ruined (perdidi); intrans. perish (pereo), ἀπόλλυμαι, -ολοῦμαι, 2 aor. -ωλόμην, 2 perf. -όλωλα am ruined (perii).
πείθω : trans. persuade, πείσω, ἔπεισα, πέπεικα have persuaded, ἐπείσθην, πεισθήσομαι; intrans. (persuade myself) obey, believe, πείθομαι, πείσομαι, ἐπείσθην, πέπεισμαι am convinced; 2 perf. πέποιθα I trust ( = πιστεύω) is rare in prose.
πήγνῡμι : trans. fix, make fast, πήξω, ἔπηξα, ἐπήχθην; intrans. am fixed, freeze, πήγνυμαι, παγήσομαι, ἐπάγην, 2 perf. πέπηγα am fixed, frozen.
πί̄νω drink: 2 aor. ἔπιον drank, 1 aor. ἔπῑσα caused to drink.
πλήττω : trans. terrify, ἐκπλήττω, καταπλήττω, -έπληξα; intrans. am affrighted, ἐκπλήττομαι, -επλάγην.
πρά̄ττω do: πέπρᾱχα (probably late) have done, πέπρᾱγα have fared (well or ill) and have done.
ῥήγνῡμι : trans. break, -ῥήξω, ἔρρηξα; intrans. break, burst, ῥήγνυμαι, -ῥαγήσομαι, ἐρράγην, 2 perf. ἔρρωγα am broken.
σβέννῡμι : trans. extinguish, put out, ἀποσβέννῡμι, ἀπέσβεσα, ἀπεσβέσθην; intrans. be extinguished, go out, ἀποσβέννυμαι, ἀποσβήσομαι, ἀπέσβην went out, ἀπέσβηκα am extinguished.
σήπω : trans. make rot; intrans. rot, σήπομαι, ἐσάπην rotted, 2 perf. σέσηπα am rotten.
τήκω : trans. cause to melt; intrans. melt, τήκομαι, ἐτάκην, 2 perf. τέτηκα am melted.
φαίνω : trans. show, φανῶ, ἔφηνα, πέφαγκα have shown, πέφασμαι, ἐφάνθην was shown, made known; trans. also show, declare, φαίνομαι, φανοῦμαι, ἐφηνάμην showed (rare and poetic in the simple form; ἀπεφηνάμην declared is common); intrans. show oneself, appear, φαίνομαι, φανήσομαι and φανοῦμαι, ἐφάνην appeared, 2 perf. πέφηνα have shown myself, appeared. The middle means show oneself, appear; the passive, am shown, am made evident. φανήσομαι means shall appear or shall be shown, and is not very different in sense from φανοῦμαι (but see 1738, 1911).
φθείρω : trans. destroy, διαφθείρω, -φθερῶ, -έφθειρα, -έφθαρκα; intrans. am ruined, διαφθείρομαι, -εφθάρην, -φθαρήσομαι, 2 perf. διέφθορα am ruined in Hom., have destroyed in Attic poetry.
φύ̄ω : trans. bring forth, produce, φύ̄σω, ἔφῡσα; intrans. am produced, come into being, φύ̄ομαι, φύ̄σομαι, ἔφῡν, 2 perf. πέφῡκα am by nature.
820
Poetic forms: ἀραρίσκω (ἀρ-) fit, 2 aor. ἤραρον trans. and intrans.— γείνομαι am born, ἐγεινάμην begat.—ἐρείκω rend, 2 aor. ἤρικον trans. rent and intrans. shivered.—ἐρείπω throw down, ἤριπον trans. threw down and intrans. fell.—ὄρνῡμι rouse, 2 aor. ὤρορον trans. roused and intrans. have risen.—ἀναγιγνώσκω read, ἀνέγνωσα persuaded in Hdt., 2 aor. ἀνέγνων read, recited.
821
The following are poetic intransitive second perfects: ἄρᾱρα fit (ἀραρίσκω fit, trans.).—ἔολπα hope (Epic ἔλπω cause to hope).—κέκηδα sorrow (κήδω trouble).—ὄρωρα have arisen (ὄρνῡμι rouse).
Herbert Weir Smyth.
This work is licensed under a
Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 United States License.