FORMATION OF ADJECTIVES

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Adjectives are formed by the same suffixes as are used in substantives, the same formation producing in one case a substantive, in another an adjective. Many words formed with certain suffixes (ιο, μο, νο, ρο, το) are used as adjectives or as abstract substantives (usually feminine or neuter). Thus φιλίᾱ friendly or friendship; so στέφ-ανο-ς crown (στέφ-ω encircle) was originally an adjective. Many suffixes have no characteristic signification.

Adjectives are either primitive (from roots or verb-stems) or denominative (from substantives or other adjectives). But this distinction is often obliterated and difficult to determine.

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The following are the chief adjectival suffixes:

1. ο, ᾱ (nom. -ο-ς, -η or -ᾱ, -ο-ν): primary: λοιπ-ό-ς remaining (λείπ-ω leave, λιπ-, λειπ-, λοιπ-), λευκ-ό-ς bright (λεύσσω shine, λευκ-ῖω).

2. ιο, ιᾱ: a common suffix expressing that which pertains or belongs in any way to a person or thing. By union with a preceding stem vowel we have αιο, ειο, οιο, ῳο, υιο.

Primary (rare): ἅγ-ιο-ς sacred (ἅγος expiation); with a comparative force: ἄλλος other (ἀλ-ῖο-ς alius), μέσος middle (μεθ-ῖο-ς medius, 113).

Secondary in τί̄μ-ιο-ς worthy, costly (τῑμή honour); φίλ-ιο-ς friendly (φίλο-ς dear); ὄρθ-ιο-ς steep (ὀρθό-ς straight); πλούσ-ιο-ς rich (πλοῦτο-ς riches, 115); δίκα-ιο-ς just (δίκ-η right, 834 b); οἰκε-ῖο-ς domestic (οἶκο-ς house, 834 f); πάτρ-ιο-ς hereditary (πατήρ father, πατρ-, 262); βασίλειο-ς royal (βασιλεύ-ς king); θέρε-ιο-ς of summer (θέρος, stem θερεσ-); αἰδο-ῖο-ς venerable (αἰδώς shame, stem αἰδοσ-, 266); ἡρῷος heroic (ἥρως hero, ἡρωϝ-, 267); πήχυ-ιο-ς a cubit long (πῆχυ-ς, 268). The feminines are often abstract substantives, as φιλ-ίᾱ friendship.

a. The ending -αῖος has been transferred from ᾱ stems, as in χερσ-αῖο-ς of or from dry land (χέρσ-ος). The form ι-αῖος occurs: δραχμ-ιαῖο-ς worth a drachma (δραχμή). -εῖος has become independent in ἀνδρ-εῖος manly (ἀνήρ). On gentiles in -ιος, see 844. 3.

b. Ionic η-ϊο (nom. -ηϊος), properly from stems in ευ (ηυ), as Hom. χαλκή-ϊο-ς brazen (pertaining to a χαλκεύ-ς brazier; Attic χάλκεος, -οῦς, see 858. 4), βασιλή-ϊο-ς royal; and transferred in Ionic to other stems, as in πολεμήϊο-ς warlike, ἀνθρωπ-ήϊο-ς human (Attic ἀνθρώπειο-ς), ἀνδρ-ήϊο-ς manly.

3. εντ for ϝεντ (nom. -εις) forms denominative adjectives denoting fulness or abundance (mostly poetic).

τῑμή-εις (τῑμῆς) honoured, and by analogy δενδρ-ήεις woody (δένδρο-ν tree); χαρί-εις graceful (χάρι-ς), δολό-εις wily (δόλο-ς), and by analogy αἱματ-ό-εις bloody (αἷμα, -ατ-ος blood, 834 j), ἰχθυ-ό-εις full of fish, κρυ-ό-εις chilling (κρύ-ος chill). Also in εὐρώ-εις mouldy (εὐρώς, -ῶτος).

4. εο (nom. -εο-ς, -οῦς, 290) forms denominative adjectives denoting material: χρύ̄σεος, χρῡσοῦς golden (χρῡσό-ς gold).

a. εο is derived from ε-ῖο, seen in χρύ̄σειος (poetic). Here ε is part of the stem (834 f). On -ηϊος see 858. 2 b.

5. ες (nom. -ής, -ές): primitive: ψευδ-ής false (ψεύδ-ω deceive), σαφ-ής clear, πρην-ής prone, ὑγι-ής healthy. Very common in compounds, as ἀ-σφαλ-ής unharmed, secure (ἀ-priv. + σφαλ- in σφάλλω trip).

6. κο, ακο, ικο (nom. -κος, very common, cp. 864. 1): many denominatives formed by these suffixes denote relation, many others fitness or ability.

a. Denominatives: μαντι-κό-ς prophetic (μάντι-ς prophet); φυσι-κό-ς natural (φύσι-ς nature); θηλυ-κό-ς feminine (θῆλυ-ς female); Δᾱρει-κό-ς Daric (Δᾱρεῖο-ς Darius).

b. From φυσι-κό ς, etc., ικο was taken as an independent suffix in μουσ-ικό-ς musical (μοῦσα muse); βαρβαρ-ικό-ς barbaric (βάρβαρο-ς barbarian, foreigner); διδασκαλ-ικό-ς able to teach (διδάσκαλο-ς teacher); μαθηματικό-ς fond of learning (μάθημα, -ματος thing learnt); Κεραμε-ικό-ς Potters' quarter, Ceramīcus (κεραμεύ-ς potter); βασιλ-ικό-ς royal (βασιλεύ-ς king); ἡρω-ϊκό-ς heroic, from ἥρω(ϝ), -ος hero; Ἀχαι-ικό-ς or Ἀχᾱ-ικό-ς (38) Achaean (Ἀχαιό-ς Achaean).

N.—ἀρχ-ικό-ς able to rule (ἀρχ-ή), γραφ-ικό-ς able to write or draw (γραφ-ή), need not be derived directly from the root.

c. Κορινθι-ακό-ς Corinthian (Κορίνθ-ιο-ς Corinthian); σπονδει-ακό-ς consisting of spondees (σπονδ-εῖο-ς spondee).

d. τ-ικό represents ικό added to the verbal in τό- (cp. also μαθηματ-ικό-ς). Thus, λεκ-τικό-ς suited to speaking (λέγ-ω speak); αἰσθη-τικό-ς capable of feeling (αἰσθ-άνομαι feel); ἀριθμη-τικό-ς skilled in numbering (ἀριθμέω to number); πρᾱκ-τικό-ς practical, able to do (πρά̄ττω do); σκεπτικό-ς reflective (σκέπ-τ-ομαι look carefully, consider). Added to a noun-stem: ναυ-τικό-ς nautical (ναῦ-ς ship).

7. λο (nom. -λο-ς): primary (usually active) and secondary. Cp. 860. 1. Primary in δει-λό-ς cowardly (δέδοι-κα fear, δι-, δει-, δοι-); στρεβ-λό-ς twisted (στρέφ-ω turn); τυφ-λό-ς blind (τύ̄φ-ω raise a smoke); κοῖλος hollow ( = κοϝ-ιλο-ς, Lat. cav-us); τροχ-αλό-ς running (τρέχ-ω run); εἴκ-ελο-ς like (ἔοικα am like, εἰκ-); καμπ-ύλο-ς bent (κάμπ-τ-ω bend); φειδ-ωλό-ς sparing (φείδ-ομαι spare). ἀπατ-η-λός deceitful (ἀπάτη deceit, ἀπατά-ω deceive) may be a primitive or a denominative. Cp. 860. 1.

α-λεο denoting quality in ἁρπ-αλέο-ς attractive, ravishing (ἁρπάζω seize), θαρσ-αλέο-ς bold (θάρσ-ος boldness).

8. μο (nom. -μο-ς, 861. 1): primary: θερ-μό-ς warm (θέρ-ω warm); secondary in ἕβδ-ο-μο-ς seventh.

9. ι-μο, σ-ιμο (nom. -ιμο-ς, -σιμο-ς): often denoting able to or fit to. Adjectives in ιμο are primitive or denominative, and are derived from ι-stems; those in -σιμο are denominative and come mostly from stems in σι ¨ μο (as χρή-σι-μο-ς useful, from χρῆ-σι-ς use); but σιμο has thence been abstracted as an independent suffix.

δόκ-ιμο-ς approved (δοκ-έ-ω seem good); μάχ-ιμο-ς warlike (μάχη battle); νόμ-ιμο-ς conformable to law (νόμο-ς); ἐͅδ-ώδ-ιμο-ς eatable (ἐδ-ωδ-ή food, poet. ἔδ-ω eat); καύσι-μο-ς combustible (κά̄ω burn, καῦ-σι-ς burn- ing); λύσι-μο-ς able to loose (λύ-σι-ς loosing); ἱππά-σιμο-ς fit for riding (ἱππάζομαι ride); ἁλώ-σιμο-ς easy to take (ἁλίσκομαι, ἑά̄λων).

10. μον (nom. -μων, -μον): primary in μνή-μων mindful (μι-μνῄ-σκομαι remember), τλή-μων enduring, wretched (ἔ-τλη-ν endured). Cp. 861. 8.

11. νο (nom. -νο-ς, 861. 11): primary (usually passive) and secondary (829 a). Sometimes denoting that which may, can, or must be done.

Primary in δει-νό-ς fearful (δέ-δοι-κα fear, δι-, δει-, δοι-); σεμ-νό-ς to be revered (σέβ-ομαι revere); πιθ-ανό-ς persuasive (πείθ-ω persuade, πιθ-, πειθ-, ποιθ-); πίσ-υνο-ς trusting (πείθ-ω). Secondary in σκοτει-νό-ς dark ( = σκοτεσ-νο-ς from σκότ-ος darkness).

12. ινο (nom. -ινο-ς, 861. 11): forms denominative adjectives of material, as λίθ-ινο-ς of stone (λίθο-ς), ξύλ-ινο-ς wooden (ξύλο-ν); to denote time, and derived from such forms as ἐαρι-νό-ς vernal (ἔαρ spring), as in ἡμερ-ινό-ς by day (ἡμέρᾱ), χθεσ-ινό-ς of yesterday (χθές); other uses: ἀνθρώπ-ινο-ς human (ἄνθρωπο-ς man), ἀληθ-ινό-ς genuine (ἀληθής true).

ινεο in λα-ΐνεο-ς ῀ λά-ϊνο-ς stony (λᾶς stone). On -ηνος, -ῑνος in gentiles, see 844. 3.

13. ρο, ρᾱ (nom. -ρό-ς, -ρά̄): primary, and secondary. Primary, in ἐχθ-ρό-ς hated, hostile (ἔχθ-ω hate), λαμπ-ρό-ς shining (λάμπ-ω shine), χαλα-ρό-ς slack (χαλά-ω slacken). Secondary, in φοβε-ρό-ς fearful (φόβο-ς fear, φοβόε-, 834 f), κρατ-ερό-ς mighty (κράτ-ος might); primary or secondary in ἀνιᾱ-ρό-ς grievous (ἀνίᾱ grief, ἀνιά-ω grieve). See 860. 3.

14. τηρ-ιο (nom. -τήριο-ς): in denominatives, derived from substantives in -τηρ (or -της) by the suffix ιο; but the substantive is not always found.

σω-τήρ-ιο-ς preserving (σω-τήρ saviour), whence the abstract σωτηρίᾱ (858. 2) safety; θελκ-τήρ-ιο-ς enchanting (θελκ-τήρ charmer, θέλγ-ω enchant), whence θελκτήριον (842. 4), λυ-τήρ-ιο-ς delivering (λυ-τήρ), ὁρμητήριον starting-place (ὁρμάω, ὁρμῶμαι start).

15. υ (nom. -ύ-ς, -εῖα, -ύ): primitives are ἡδύ-ς sweet (ἥδ-ομαι am pleased), ταχ-ύ-ς swift (τάχ-ος swiftness), βαθ-ύ-ς deep (βάθ-ος depth). Cp. 859. 8.

16. ωδες (nom. -ώδης, -ῶδες): in primitives (rare), as πρεπ-ώδης proper (πρέπ-ω beseem); usually in denominatives denoting fulness or similarity: ποι-ώδης grassy (ποίᾱ), αἱματ-ώδης looking like blood (αἷμα). See 833 a.

17. Suffixes of Degree: ῑον and ιστο (318) usually form primitives; τερο and τατο (313 ff.), denominatives. τερο occurs also in πό-τερο-ς which of two? πρό-τερο-ς earlier, ὕσ-τερο-ς later, ἑκά-τερο-ς each. On the suffix τερο apparently without comparative force, see 1066, 1082 b. ἔν-τερο-ν is substantivized (bowel); from ἐν in.

18. Suffixes of Participles and Verbal Adjectives (primary): active ντ, οτ, 301 a, c; middle and passive μενο. Verbal adjectives denoting completion (usually passive) το; possibility and necessity το, τεο (471-473).

On the formation of ADVERBS, see 341 ff.