SUPPLEMENTS TO THE GRAMMAR.

I. JULIAN CALENDAR.

371. 1. The names of the Roman months are: Jānuārius, Februārius, Mārtius, Aprīlis, Majus, Jūnius, Jūlius (Quīntīlis ^[62] prior to 46 B.C.), Augustus (Sextīlis ^[62] before the Empire), September, Octōber, November, December. These words are properly Adjectives in agreement with mēnsis understood.

2. Dates were reckoned from three points in the month:—

a) The Calends, the first of the month.

b) The Nones, usually the fifth of the month, but the seventh in March, May, July, and October.

c) The Ides, usually the thirteenth of the month, but the fifteenth in March, May, July, and October.

3. From these points dates were reckoned backward; consequently all days after the Ides of any month were reckoned as so many days before the Calends of the month next following.

4. The day before the Calends, Nones, or Ides of any month is designated as prīdiē Kalendās, Nōnās, Īdūs. The second day before was designated as diē tertiō ante Kalendās, Nōnās, etc. Similarly the third day before was designated as diē quārtō, and so on. These designations are arithmetically inaccurate, but the Romans reckoned both ends of the series. The Roman numeral indicating the date is therefore always larger by one than the actual number of days before Nones, Ides, or Calends.

5. In indicating dates, the name of the month is added in the form of an Adjective agreeing with Kalendās, Nōnās, Īdūs. Various forms of expression occur, of which that given under d) is most common:—

a) diē quīntō ante Īdūs Mārtiās;

b) quīntō ante Īdūs Mārtiās;

c) quīntō (V) Īdūs Mārtiās;

d) ante diem quīntum Īdūs Mārtiās.

6. These designations may be treated as nouns and combined with the prepositions in, ad, ex; as,—

ad ante diem IV Kalendās Octōbrēs, up to the 28th of September.

ex ante diem quīntum Īdūs Octōbrēs, from the 11th of October.

7. In leap-year the 25th was reckoned as the extra day in February. The 24th was designated as ante diem VI Kalendās Mārtiās, and the 25th as ante diem bis VI Kal Mārt.

372. CALENDAR.

=====================================================================
Days  |March,May,July|January, August|   April,June, |
of the|   October.   |   December    |   September,  |  February
month.|              |               |    November   |
------+--------------+---------------+---------------+---------------
   1  |KALENDĪS      |KALENDĪS       |KALENDĪS       |KALENDĪS
   2  |VI Nōnās      |IV  Nōnās      |IV Nōnās       |IV Nōnās
   3  |V    "        |III   "        |III  "         |III  "
   4  |IV   "        |Prīdiē Nōnās   |Prīdiē Nōnās   |Prīdiē Nōnās
   5  |III  "        |NŌNĪS          |NŌNĪS          |NŌNĪS
   6  |Prīdiē Nōnās  |VIII Īdūs      |VIII Īdūs      |VIII Īdūs
   7  |NŌNĪS         |VII   "        |VII   "        |VII   "
   8  |VIII Īdūs     |VI    "        |VI    "        |VI    "
   9  |VII   "       |V     "        |V     "        |V     "
  10  |VI    "       |IV    "        |IV    "        |IV    "
  11  |V     "       |III   "        |III   "        |III   "
  12  |IV    "       |Pr. Īdūs       |Pr. Īdūs       |Pr. Īdūs
  13  |III   "       |ĪDIBUS         |ĪDIBUS         |ĪDIBUS
  14  |Pr. Īdūs      |XIX    Kalend. |XVIII   Kalend.|XVI    Kalend.
  15  |ĪDIBUS        |XVIII    "     |XVII      "    |XV        "
  16  |XVII  Kalend. |XVII     "     |XVI       "    |XIV       "
  17  |XVI     "     |XVI      "     |XV        "    |XIII      "
  18  |XV      "     |XV       "     |XIV       "    |XII       "
  19  |XIV     "     |XIV      "     |XIII      "    |XI        "
  20  |XIII    "     |XIII     "     |XII       "    |X         "
  21  |XII     "     |XII      "     |XI        "    |IX        "
  22  |XI      "     |XI       "     |X         "    |VIII      "
  23  |X       "     |X        "     |IX        "    |VII       "
  24  |IX      "     |IX       "     |VIII      "    |VI        "
  25  |VIII    "     |VIII     "     |VII       "    |V (bis VI)"
  26  |VII     "     |VII      "     |VI        "    |IV (V)    "
  27  |VI      "     |VI       "     |V         "    |III (IV)  "
  28  |V       "     |V        "     |IV        "    |Pr.Kal.(III K.)
  29  |IV      "     |IV       "     |III       "    |(Prīd. Kal.)
  30  |III     "     |III      "     |Pr. Kalend.    |(Enclosed forms are
  31  |Pr. Kalend.   |Pr. Kalend.    |               |for leap-year.)
=====================================================================

II. PROPER NAMES.

373. 1. The name of a Roman citizen regularly consisted of three parts: the praenōmen (or given name), the nōmen (name of the gens or clan), and the cognōmen (family name). Such a typical name is exemplied by Mārcus Tullius Cicerō, in which Mārcus is the praenōmen, Tullius the nōmen, and Cicerō the cognōmen. Sometimes a second cognōmen (in later Latin called an agnōmen) is added—expecially in honor of military achievements; as,—

Gāius Cornēlius Scīpiō Āfricānus.

2. ABBREVIATIONS OF PROPER NAMES.

III. FIGURES OF SYNTAX AND RHETORIC.

A. Figures of Syntax.

374. 1. Ellpsis is the omission of one or more words; as,—

quid multa, why (should I say) much?

2. Brachlogy is a brief or condensed form of expression; as,—

ut ager sine cultūrā frūctuōsus esse nōn potest, sīc sine doctrīnā animus, as a field cannot be productive without cultivation, so the mind (cannot be productive) without learning.

Special varieties of Brachylogy are—

a) Zeugma, in which one verb is made to stand for two; as,—

minīs aut blandīmentīs corrupta = (terrifed) by threats or corrupted by flattery.

b) Compendiary Comparison, by which a modifier of an object is mentioned instead of the object itself; as,—

dissimilis erat Charēs eōrum et factīs et mōribus, lit. Chares was different from their conduct and character i.e. Chares's conduct and character were different, etc.

3. Plonasm is an unnecessary fullness of expression; as,—

prius praedīcam, lit. I will first say in advance.

4. Hendadys (‛εν δια δυοιν, one through two) is the use of two nouns joined by a conjunction, in the sense of a noun modified by a Genitive or an Adjective; as,—

febris et aestus, the heat of fever;

celeritāte cursūque, by swift running.

5. Prolpsis, or Anticipation, is the introduction of an epithet in advance of the action which makes it appropriate; as,—

submersās obrue puppēs, lit. overwhelm their submerged ships, i.e. overwhelm and sink their ships.

a. The name Prolepsis is also applied to the introduction of a noun or pronoun as object of the main clause where we should expect it to stand as subject of a subordinate clause. Thus:—

nōstī Mārcellum quam tardus sit, you know how slow Marcellus is (lit. you know Marcellus, how slow he is).

Both varieties of Prolepsis are chiefly confined to poetry.

6. Anacolthon is a lack of grammatical consistency in the construction of the sentence; as,—

tum Ancī fīliī ... impēnsius eīs indignitās crēscere, then the sons of Ancus ... their indignation increased all the more.

7. Hsteron Prteron consists in the inversion of the natural order of two words or phrases; as,—

moriāmur et in media arma ruāmus = let us rush into the midst of arms and die.

B. Figures of Rhetoric.

375. 1. Ltotes (literally softening) is the expression of an idea by the denial of its opposite; as,—

haud parum labōris, no little toil (i.e. much toil);

nōn ignōrō, I am not ignorant (i.e. I am well aware).

2. Oxymron is the combination of contradictory conceptions; as,—

sapiēns īnsānia, wise folly.

3. Alliteration is the employment of a succession of words presenting frequent repetition of the same letter (mostly initial); as,—

sēnsim sine sēnsū aetās senēscit.

4. Onomatopœia is the suiting of sound to sense; as,—

quadrupedante putrem sonitū quatit ungula campum, 'And shake with horny hoofs the solid ground.'