146. Derivatives are formed by appending certain terminations called Suffixes to stems of verbs, nouns, or adjectives.
A. NOUNS.
147. 1. The suffix -tor (-sor), Fem. -trīx, denotes the agent; as,—
| victor, victrīx, victor; | dēfēnsor, defender. |
NOTE.—The suffix -tor is occasionally appended to noun stems; as,—
gladiātor, gladiator (from gladius).
2. The suffix -or (originally -ōs) denotes an activity or a condition; as,—
| amor, love; | timor, fear; | dolor, pain. |
3. The suffixes -tiō (-siō), Gen. -ōnis, and -tus (-sus), Gen. -ūs, denote an action as in process; as,—
vēnātiō, hunting; obsessiō, blockade; gemitus, sighing; cursus, running.
NOTE.—Rarer endings with the same force are:—
a) -tūra, -sūra; as,—
sepultūra, burial; mēnsūra, measuring.
b) -ium; as,—
gaudium, rejoicing.
c) -īdō; as,—
cupīdō, desire.
4. The suffixes -men, -mentum, -crum, -trum, -bulum, -culum, denote the means or place of an action; as,—
| lūmen (lūc-s-men), light; | vocābulum, word; | |
| ōrnāmentum, ornament; | documentum, proof; | |
| sepulcrum, grave; | arātrum, plough; | |
| vehiculum, carriage. | ||
148. 1. Diminutives end in—
| -ulus, | (-ula, | -ulum) |
| -olus, | (-ola, | -olum), after a vowel |
| -culus, | (-cula, | -culum) |
| -ellus, | (-ella, | -ellum) |
| -illus, | (-illa, | -illum) |
as,—
| nīdulus, | little nest | (nīdus); |
| virgula, | wand | (virga); |
| oppidulum, | little town | (oppidum); |
| fīliolus, | little son | (fīlius); |
| opusculum, | little work | (opus); |
| tabella, | tablet | (tabula); |
| lapillus, | pebble | (lapis). |
NOTE 1.—It will be observed that in gender the Diminutives follow the gender of the words from which they are derived.
NOTE 2.—The endings -ellus, -illus contain the primitive form of the diminutive suffix, viz., -lo-. Thus:—
| agellus, | field, | for ager-lus; |
| lapillus, | pebble, | for lapid-lus. |
2. The suffix -ium appended to nouns denoting persons designates either a collection of such persons or their function; as,—
collēgium, a corporation, body of colleagues (collēga);
sacerdōtium, priestly function (sacerdōs).
3. The suffixes -ārium, -ētum, -īle designate a place where objects are kept or are found in abundance; as,—
| columbārium, | dove-cote | (columba); |
| olīvētum, | olive-orchard | (olīva); |
| ovīle, | sheep-fold | (ovis). |
4. The suffix -ātus denotes official position or honor; as,—
cōnsulātus, consulship (cōnsul).
5. The suffix -īna appended to nouns denoting persons designates a vocation or the place where it is carried on; as,—
doctrīna, teaching (doctor, teacher);
medicīna, the art of healing (medicus, physician);
sūtrīna, cobbler's shop (sūtor, cobbler).
6. Patronymics are Greek proper names denoting son of ..., daughter of .... They have the following suffixes:—
a) Masculines: -idēs, -adēs, -īdēs; as, Priamidēs, son of Priam; Aeneadēs, son of Aeneas; Pēlīdēs, son of Peleus.
b) Feminines: -ēis, -is, -ias; as, Nērēis, daughter of Nereus; Atlantis, daughter of Atlas; Thaumantias, daughter of Thaumas.
149. The suffixes -tās (-itās), -tūdō (-itūdō), -ia, -itia are used for the formation of abstract nouns denoting qualities; as,—
bonitās, goodness; celeritās, swiftness; magnitūdō, greatness; audācia, boldness; amīcitia, friendship.
B. ADJECTIVES.
150. 1. The suffixes -bundus and -cundus give nearly the force of a present participle; as,—
| tremebundus, trembling; | jūcundus (juvō), pleasing. |
2. The suffixes -āx and -ulus denote an inclination or tendency, mostly a faulty one; as,—
| loquāx, loquacious; | crēdulus, credulous. |
3. The suffix -idus denotes a state; as,—
| calidus, hot; | timidus, timid; | cupidus, eager. |
4. The suffixes -ilis and -bilis denote capacity or ability, usually in a passive sense; as,—
fragilis, fragile (i.e. capable of being broken);
docilis, docile.
a) From Common Nouns.
151. 1. The suffixes -eus and -inus are appended to names of substances or materials; as,—
| aureus, of gold; | ferreus, of iron; | fāginus, of beech. |
2. The suffixes -ius, -icus, -īlis, -ālis, -āris, -ārius, -nus, -ānus, -īnus, -īvus, -ēnsis signify belonging to, connected with; as,—
| ōrātōrius, oratorical; | legiōnārius, legionary; | |
| bellicus, pertaining to war; | paternus, paternal; | |
| cīvīlis, civil; | urbānus, of the city; | |
| rēgālis, regal; | marīnus, marine; | |
| cōnsulāris, consular; | aestīvus, pertaining to summer; | |
| circēnsis, belonging to the circus. | ||
3. The suffixes -ōsus and -lentus denote fullness; as,—
| perīculōsus, full of danger, dangerous; |
glōriōsus, glorious; opulentus, wealthy. |
4. The suffix -tus has the force of provided with; as,—
| barbātus, bearded; | stellātus, set with stars. |
b) From Proper Names.
152. 1. Names of persons take the suffixes: -ānus, -iānus, -īnus; as,—
| Catōniānus, belonging to Cato; | Plautīnus, belonging to Plautus. |
2. Names of nations take the suffixes -icus, -ius; as,—
| Germānicus, German; | Thrācius, Thracian. |
3. Names of places take the suffixes -ānus, -īnus, -ēnsis, -aeus, -ius; as,—
| Rōmānus, Roman; | Athēniēnsis, Athenian; | |
| Amerīnus, of Ameria; | Smyrnaeus, of Smyrna; | |
| Corinthius, Corinthian. | ||
NOTE.— -ānus and -ēnsis, appended to names of countries, designate something stationed in the country or connected with it, but not indigenous; as,—
bellum Āfricānum, a war (of Romans with Romans) in Africa.
bellum Hispāniēnse, a war carried on in Spain.
legiōnes Gallicānae, (Roman) legions stationed in Gaul.
153. Diminutives in -lus sometimes occur; as,—
parvolus, little;
misellus (passer), poor little (sparrow);
pauperculus, needy.
154. These end in -ernus, -ternus, -tīnus, -tĭnus; as,—
| hodiernus, | of to-day | (hodiē); |
| hesternus, | of yesterday | (herī); |
| intestīnus, | internal | (intus); |
| diūtinus, | long-lasting | (diū). |
C. VERBS.
155. 1. INCEPTIVES OR INCHOATIVES. These end in -scō, and are formed from Present Stems. They denote the beginning of an action; as,—
| labāscō, | begin to totter | (from labō); |
| horrēscō, | grow rough | (from horreō); |
| tremēscō, | begin to tremble | (from tremō); |
| obdormīscō, | fall asleep | (from dormiō). |
2. FREQUENTATIVES OR INTENSIVES. These denote a repeated or energetic action. They are formed from the Participial Stem, and end in -tō or -sō. Those derived from verbs of the First Conjugation end in -itō (not -ātō, as we should expect). Examples of Frequentatives are—
| jactō, | toss about, brandish | (from jaciō, hurl); |
| cursō, | run hither and thither | (from currō, run); |
| volitō, | flit about | (from volō, fly). |
a. Some double Frequentatives occur; as,—
| cantitō, | sing over and over | (cantō); |
| cursitō, | keep running about | (cursō); |
| ventitō, | keep coming. |
b. agitō, set in motion, is formed from the Present Stem.
3. DESIDERATIVES. These denote a desire to do something. They are formed from the Participial Stem, and end in -uriō; as,—
| ēsuriō, | desire to eat, am hungry | (edō); |
| parturiō, | want to bring forth, am in labor | (pariō). |
156. Denominatives of the First Conjugation are mostly transitive; those of the Second exclusively intransitive. Those of the Third and Fourth Conjugations are partly transitive, partly intransitive. Examples are—
a) From Nouns:—
| fraudō, | defraud | (fraus); |
| vestiō, | clothe | (vestis); |
| flōreō, | bloom | (flōs). |
b) From Adjectives:—
| līberō, | free | (līber); |
| saeviō, | be fierce | (saevus). |
D. ADVERBS.
157. 1. Adverbs derived from verbs are formed from the Participial Stem by means of the suffix -im; as,—
| certātim, | emulously | (certō); |
| cursim, | in haste | (currō); |
| statim, | immediately | (stō). |
2. Adverbs derived from nouns and adjectives are formed:—
a) With the suffixes -tim (-sim), -ātim; as,—
gradātim, step by step;
paulātim, gradually;
virītim, man by man.
b) With the suffix -tus; as,—
antīquitus, of old;
rādīcitus, from the roots.
c) With the suffix -ter; as,—
breviter, briefly.
158. 1. Compounds are formed by the union of simple words. The second member usually contains the essential meaning of the compound; the first member expresses some modification of this.
2. Vowel changes often occur in the process of composition. Thus:—
a. In the second member of compounds. (See 7, 1.)
b. The final vowel of the stem of the first member of the compound often appears as ĭ where we should expect ŏ or ă; sometimes it is dropped altogether, and in case of consonant stems ĭ is often inserted; as,—
signifer, standard-bearer;
tubicen, trumpeter;
magnanimus, high-minded;
mātricīda, matricide.
159. EXAMPLES OF COMPOUNDS.
1. Nouns:—
a) Preposition + Noun; as,—
dē-decus, disgrace;
pro-avus, great-grandfather.
b) Noun + Verb Stem; as,—
agri-cola, farmer;
frātri-cīda, fratricide.
2. Adjectives:—
a) Preposition + Adjective (or Noun); as,—
per-magnus, very great;
sub-obscūrus, rather obscure;
ā-mēns, frantic.
b) Adjective + Noun; as,—
magn-animus, great-hearted;
celeri-pēs, swift-footed.
c) Noun + Verb Stem; as,—
parti-ceps, sharing;
morti-fer, death-dealing.
3. Verbs:—
The second member is always a verb. The first may be—
a) A Noun; as,—
aedi-ficō, build.
b) An Adjective; as,—
ampli-ficō, enlarge.
c) An Adverb; as,—
male-dīcō, rail at.
d) Another Verb; as,—
cale-faciō, make warm.
e) A Preposition; as,—
ab-jungō, detach;
re-ferō, bring back;
dis-cernō, distinguish;
ex-spectō, await.
NOTE.—Here belong the so-called INSEPARABLE PREPOSITIONS:
ambi- (amb-), around;
dis- (dir-, di-), apart, asunder;
por-, forward;
red- (re-), back;
sēd- (sē-), apart from;
vē-, without.
4. Adverbs:—
These are of various types; as,—
anteā, before;
īlīcō (in locō), on the spot;
imprīmīs, especially;
obviam, in the way.